|
|
Home | Switchboard | Unix Administration | Red Hat | TCP/IP Networks | Neoliberalism | Toxic Managers |
| (slightly skeptical) Educational society promoting "Back to basics" movement against IT overcomplexity and bastardization of classic Unix | |||||||
Benito Amilcare Andrea Mussolini(29 July1883– 28 April1945) was an Italian politician, one of the key figures in the creation of Fascism. Leading the National Fascist Party he was the prime minister of Italy under Victor Emmanuel III of Italy, from 1922 until 1943, when he was overthrown; rescued by German commandos, he then became the leader of the Italian Social Republicfrom 1943 to until his summary execution by members of the Italian resistance in 1945.
Everything I have said and done in these last years is relativismby intuition. If relativism signifies contempt for fixed categories and those who claim to be the bearers of objective immortal truth ... then there is nothing more relativistic than Fascist attitudes and activity... From the fact that all ideologies are of equal value, that all ideologies are mere fictions, the modern relativist infers that everybody has the right to create for himself his own ideology and to attempt to enforce it with all the energy of which he is capable. Diuturna[The Lasting] (1921) as quoted in Rational Man : A Modern Interpretation of Aristotelian Ethics(1962) by H. B. Veatch
Our program is simple: we wish to govern Italy. They ask us for programs but there are already too many. It is not programs that are wanting for the salvation of Italy but men and will power. Speech at Udine (20 September 1922) "The Question of Regime. The Monarchy and Fascism," quoted in A History of Civilization(1955) by Crane Brinton, John B. Christopher, and Robert Lee Wolff, p. 520
Liberty is a duty, not a right. Speech on the 5th anniversary of the Combat Leagues (24 March 1924) quoted in Ezra Pound and Italian Fascism(1991) by Tim Redman, p. 114
Democracyis beautiful in theory; in practice it is a fallacy. You in Americawill see that some day. to Edwin L James of the New York Times(1928)
Let us have a dagger between our teeth, a bomb in our hands and an infinite scorn in our hearts. Speech (1928), as quoted in The Great Quotations(1966) by George Seldes, p. 349
All within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state. Speech to Chamber of Deputies (9 December 1928), quoted in Propaganda and Dictatorship(2007) by Marx Fritz Morstein, p. 48
My labor had not been easy nor light; our Masonry had spun a most intricate net of anti-religious activity; it dominated the currents of thought; it exercised its influence over publishing houses, over teaching, over the administration of justice and even over certain dominant sections of the armed forces. To give an idea of how far things had gone, this significant example is sufficient. When, in parliament, I delivered my first speech of November 16, 1922, after the Fascist revolution, I concluded by invoking the assistance of Godin my difficult task. Well, this sentence of mine seemed to be out of place! In the Italian parliament, a field of action for Italian Masonry, the name of God had been banned for a long time. Not even the Popular party — the so-called Catholic party — had ever thought of speaking of God. In Italy, a political man did not even turn his thoughts to the Divinity. And, even if he had ever thought of doing so, political opportunism and cowardice would have deterred him, particularly in a legislative assembly. It remained for me to make this bold innovation! And in an intense period of revolution! What is the truth! It is that a faith openly professed is a sign of strength. I have seen the religious spirit bloom again; churches once more are crowded, the ministers of God are themselves invested with new respect. Fascism has done and is doing its duty. My Autobiography(1928)
Above all, Fascism, in so far as it considers and observes the future and the development of humanity quite apart from political considerations of the moment, believes neither in the possibility nor the utility of perpetual peace. It thus repudiates the doctrine of Pacifism — born of a renunciation of struggle and an act of cowardice in the face of sacrifice. War alone brings up to its highest tension all human energy and puts the stamp of nobility upon the people who have the courage to meet it. All other trials are substitutes, which never really put a man in front of himself in the alternative of life and death. "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932), quoted in Fascism, Anti-Fascism, and the Resistance in Italy : 1919 to the Present (2004) by Stanislao G. Pugliese, p. 89
The Fascist accepts life and loves it, knowing nothing of and despising suicide; he rather conceives of life as duty and struggle and conquest, life which should be high and full, lived for oneself, but not above all for others — those who are at hand and those who are far distant, contemporaries, and those who will come after. "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932)
Fascism conceives of the State as an absolute, in comparison with which all individuals or groups are relative, only to be conceived in their relation to the State. "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932), quoted in The New York Times(11 January 1935)
If the 19th [century] was the century of the individual (liberalism means individualism), you may consider that this is the "collective" century, and therefore the century of the state. "The Doctrine of Fascism" (1932)
Speeches made to the people are essential to the arousing of enthusiasm for a war. Talks with Mussolini(1932) by Emil Ludwig
Race? It is a feeling, not a reality. Ninety-five per cent, at least. Nothing will ever make me believe that biologically pure races can be shown to exist today.… National pride has no need of the delirium of race. Talks with Mussolini(1932)
I want to make my own life a masterpiece. Talks with Mussolini(1932), quoting earlier remarks
Variant: I shall make my own life a masterpiece.
As quoted in "Duce (1922-42)" in TIMEmagazine (2 August 1943)
I owe most to Georges Sorel. This master of syndicalism by his rough theories of revolutionary tactics has contributed most to form the discipline, energy and power of the fascist cohorts. Quoted in The New Inquistionsby Arthur Versluis
I don't like the look of him. To his aide after Mussolini's first encounter with Hitler(1934), as quoted in The Gathering Storm(1946) by Winston Churchill
The Truth Apparent, apparent to everyone's eyes how are not blinded by dogmatism, is that men are
perhaps weary of Liberty. They have a surfeit of it. Liberty is no longer the virgin, chaste and severe,
to be fought for ... we have buried the putrid corpse of liberty ... the Italian people are a race of
sheep. Written statment (1934), quoted in Fascism and Democracy in the Human Mind : A Bridge Between
Mind and Society(2006) by Israel W. Charny, p. 23
Variant translation: The truth is that men are tired of liberty.
Attributed to Mussolini in Crash Gordon and the Mysteries of Kingsburg(2007) by Derek Swannson, p. 507;
similar remarks are also attributed to Adolf Hitler
Thirty centuries of history allow us to look with supreme pity on certain doctrines which are preached beyond the Alps by the descendants of those who were illiterate when Rome had Caesar, Virgiland Augustus. Speech at the 5th Levantine Fair (6 September 1934) in reference to German Nazism; quoted in Hitler's Ten-year War on the Jews(1946) by the Institute of Jewish Affairs
I am not a collector of deserts! Remark to Pierre Laval (5 January 1935) on a proposed Ethiopian border, quoted in Duce! : A Biography of Benito Mussolini(1971), by Richard Collier, p. 125
This is the epitaph I want on my tomb: "Here lies one of the most intelligent animals who ever appeared on the face of the Earth." Remark to Galeazzo Ciano (19 December 1937) quoted in The Book of Italian Wisdom(2003) by Antonio Santi, p. 50
War is to man what motherhood is to a woman. From a philosophical and doctrinal viewpoint, I do not believe in perpetual peace. Speech to the Chamber of Deputies (28 April 1939), quoted in The Military Quotation Book(2002) by James Charlton, p. 2
It is humiliating to remain with our hands folded while others write history. It matters little who wins. To make a people great it is necessary to send them to battle even if you have to kick them in the pants. That is what I shall do. Remark to Galeazzo Ciano (11 April 1940), quoted in Famous Lines : A Columbia Dictionary of Familiar Quotations(1997) by Robert Andrews. p. 330
What is freedom? There is no such thing as absolute freedom! As quoted in "Eja! Eja! Alala!" in TIMEmagazine (23 July 1923)
War is the normal state of the people. As quoted in "Duce (1922-42)" in TIMEmagazine (2 August 1943)
Better to live a day as a lion than 100 years as a sheep. Attributed in "Duce (1922-42)" in TIMEmagazine
(2 August 1943)
Though not precisely a repetition of any of them, this is somewhat resembles far earlier remarks attributed
to others:
An army of sheep led by a lion is better than an army of lions led by a sheep. Attributed to Alexander
the Great, in The British Battle Fleet : Its Inception and Growth Throughout the Centuries to the Present
Day(1915) by Frederick Thomas Jane
To live like a lion for a day is far better than to live like a jackal for a hundred years. Tipu Sultan, as quoted in Encyclopedia of Asian History(1988) Vol. 4, p. 104
It is far better to live like a tiger for a day than to live like a jackal for a hundred years. Tipu Sultan, as quoted in Tipu Sultan : A Study in Diplomacy and Confrontation(1982) by B. Sheikh Ali, p. 329
I should prefer an army of stags led by a lion, to an army of lions led by a stag. Chabrias, as quoted in A Treatise on the Defence of Fortified Places(1814) by Lazare Carnot, p. 50
For my part I prefer fifty thousand rifles to five million votes. As quoted in Benito Mussolini : The
Rise and Fall of Il Duce(1965) by Christopher Hibbert, p. 40
The Socialists ask what is our program? Our program is to smash the heads of the Socialists. Article in Popolo d'Italia, quoted in "A History of Terrorism" (2001) by Walter Laqueur, p. 71
Believe, obey, fight. As quoted in Mussolini and Fascism(2003) by Patricia Knight, p. 46
The struggle between the two worlds [Fascism and Democracy] can permit no compromises. The new cycle which begins with the ninth year of the Fascist regime places the alternative in even greater relief — either we or they, either their ideas or ours, either our State or theirs! As quoted in "Fundamentals of critical argumentation" (2005) by Douglas Walton, p. 243
Fortunately the Italian people has not yet accustomed itself to eat many times a day, and possessing a modest level of living, it feels deficiency and suffering less. As quoted in Garlic and Oil : Food and Politics in Italy(2006) by Carol F. Helstosky
I am making superhuman efforts to educate this people. When they have learnt to obey, they will believe what I tell them. As quoted in The Tyrants : 2500 Years of Absolute Power and Corruption(2006) by Clive Foss ISBN 1905204965
Shoot me in the chest. Mussolini's last words (28 April 1945), as quoted in "Mussolini" (2004) by Peter Neville, p. 195
Disputed[edit]
Fascism should more properly be called corporatism, since it is the merger of state and corporate power.
This quotation spread rapidly in the United States after appearing in a column by Molly Ivins(24 November
2002). It is repeated often and sometimes attributed to the "Fascism" entry in the 1932 Enciclopedia
Italiana, but does not appear there. See "Mussolini on the Corporate State"by Chip Berlet
Misattributed[edit]
If I advance; follow me! if I retreat; kill me! if I die; avenge me! Attributed to Mussolini by G. K.
Chestertonin G. K's Weekly(1925), and later appearing in "Duce (1922-42)" in TIMEmagazine (2 August
1943), this actually originates with Henri de la Rochejaquelein(1793), as quoted in Narrative of the
French Expedition in Egypt, and the Operations in Syria(1816) by Jacques Miot
The best blood will at some time get into a fool or a mosquito. Austin O'Malley, in Keystones of Thought(1914), p. 27
Quotes about Mussolini[edit]
The regime had created an imaginary Spartancountry, in which all men had to make believe they were heroic soldiers, all women Roman matrons, all children Balilla… ~ Luigi BarziniAlphabetized by authorThe regime had created an imaginary Spartancountry, in which all men had to make believe they were heroic soldiers, all women Roman matrons, all children Balilla(the Genoa street urchin who started a revolt against the Austrian garrison in 1746 by throwing one stone). This was done by means of slogans, flags, stirring speeches from balconies, military music, mass meetings, parades, dashing uniforms, medals, hoaxes, and constant distortions of reality. The Italians woke up too late from their artificial dream, those still alive, that is, hungry, desperate, discredited, the object of derision, cornuti e mazziati,or "cuckolded and beaten up," governed as in the past by contemptuous foreigners in a country of smoking ruins and decaying corpses, in which most things detachable had been stolen and women raped.Luigi Barzini, in The Europeans(1983), p. 172
He never killed anyone, he sent people on holiday to confine them.Silvio Berlusconi, as quoted in "Did I say This? in The Observer(20 April 2008)
Obviously the government of [Mussolini's] time, out of fear that German power might lead to complete victory, preferred to ally itself with Hitler's Germany rather than opposing it … The racial laws were the worst fault of Mussolini as a leader, who in so many other ways did well. Silvio Berlusconi, in a speech in Milan, as quoted in "Berlusconi praises Mussolini on Holocaust Memorial Day" at BBC News(27 January 2013)
As the elections were being held, he published in Gerarchlaa disquisition on Machiavelli. He had, he remarked, just re-read the Florentine writer's corpus, although, he added modestly, he had not fully plumbed the secondary literature in Italy and abroad. Machiavelli's thought was, Mussolini announced,more alive now than ever. His pessimism about human nature was eternal in its acuity. Individuals simply could not be relied on voluntarily to 'obey the law, pay their taxes and serve in war'. No well-ordered society could want the people to be sovereign.Machiavelli’s cynical acumen exposed the fatuity of the dreams of the Enlightenment(and of Mussolini’s own political philosophy before 1914). R.J.B. Bosworth, Mussolini, "Chapter Eight: Government 1922-24" (p. 192) (2002).
A modern man may disapprove of some of his sweeping reforms, and approve others; but finds it difficult not to admire even where he does not approve. G. K. Chesterton, comparing Mussolini to Hildebrand, as quoted in "The Pearl of Great Price" by Robert Royal, his Introduction to "The Resurrection of Rome" (1930) by G. K. Chestertonin The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton(1990) by Vol. XXI, p. 274
What a man! I have lost my heart!... Fascism has rendered a service to the entire world... If I were Italian, I am sure I would have been with you entirely from the beginning of your victorious struggle against the bestial appetites and passion of Leninism. Winston Churchill, in a letter to Mussolini, after a visit to Rome(1927) "Top Ten Facts About Mussolini". RonterPening.com. 27 January2008.
Mussolini is a brilliant thinker whose philosophy, though unorthodox, flows out of the true European tradition. If he is a myth-maker, he is, like Plato's guardians, conscious that "the noble lie" is a lie. Richard Crossmanin Government and the Governed: A History of Political Ideas and Political Practice(1939)
The greatest genius of the modern age. Thomas Edison, as quoted in Pound in Purgatory : From Economic Radicalism to Anti-semitism(1999) by Leon Surette, p. 72
To Benito Mussolini, from an old man who greets in the ruler, the Hero of Culture. Sigmund Freud, in a 1933 dedication sent in a gift copy of the book Warum Krieg?which he had co-written with Albert Einstein, as quoted in Fascist Spectacle : The Aesthetics of Power in Mussolini's Italy(2000) by Simonetta Falasca-Zamponi, p. 53; Photo of dedication
Unfortunately, I am no superman like Mussolini. Mahatma Gandhi, "Pound in Purgatory". Leon Surette. 27 January2008.Surette refers to this as "Gandhi's undoubtedly facetious remark".
Still, the democratic governments are jabbering about these things, while Germany and Italy continue to pour in thousands of trained soldiers. It should be obvious to the blind that not only Hitler and Mussolini but Mr. Blum and Mr. Baldwin are in league in their intentions to crush the anti-fasciststruggle and to drown in the blood of the Spanish people the maginificent beginnings of a new social structure. Emma Goldman, Letter to Mark Mratchny, 1937, quoted in Vision on Fire: Emma Goldman on the Spanish Revolution, edited by David Porter, 2006, (p. 186).
Once in power, Mussolini, established the model totalitarian state. Having smashed the organisations of the workers, the way was prepared for a savage attack on the standards of the masses in the interests of Big Business. The main brunt of fascism was borne by the working class, against whom it is aimed above all. With their weapons of struggle broken, with the establishment of scab company unions, the conditions were created to drive down the wages and lower the standards of living of the workers. The Labour unions were crushed. Shop stewards' representation in the factories was abolished. The right to strike ended. All Union contracts were rendered void. The employer reigned supreme in the factories once again. He became at the same tune, the "leader" of his employees. Any attempt to strike, any resistance to the wishes of the employer, was "punished with ferocious, penalties by the State. To challenge the employer was to challenge the full force of the State. In the words of the fascists: strikes are crimes "against the social community". Ted Grant, "The Menace of Fascism", 1948. [1]
Mussolini is a great executive, a true leader of men, and the great works he has accomplished are his genuine fortifications to a high place in history and in the hearts of his people. Millicent Hearst, the wife of William Randolph Hearst, after a visit to Rome where she met Mussolini in the early 1930s.
Mussolini began as a disciple of Leninand did not so much repudiate Marxism-Leninism as become a self-declared “heretic.” Thus one of Mussolini’s groups of thugs called itself the Cheka, after Lenin’s secret police. Roger Kimball(2002). "The Death of Socialism," New Criterion, April 2002
What a waste that we lost Mussolini. He is a first-rate man who would have led our party to power in Italy. Vladimir Lenin, addressed to a delegation of Italian socialists in Moscow after Mussolini's March on Rome in 1922, as quoted in "Third World Ideology and Western Reality" (1986) by Carlos Rangel, p. 15
Benito Mussolini is a Magnificent Beast. No apology is needed for an expression which the Duce himself would have found correct, and which fits like a glove — a boxing glove. Salvador de Madariaga, published during 1968 in his work Americans
One hears murmurs against Mussolini on the ground that he is a desperado: the real objection to him is that he is a politician. Indeed, he is probably the most perfect specimen of the genus politician on view in the world today. His career has been impeccably classical. Beginning life as a ranting Socialist of the worst type, he abjured Socialism the moment he saw better opportunities for himself on the other side, and ever since then he has devoted himself gaudily to clapping Socialists in jail, filling them with castor oil, sending blacklegs to burn down their houses, and otherwise roughing them. Modern politics has produced no more adept practitioner. H. L. Mencken, in "Mussolini" in the Baltimore Evening Sun(3 August 1931), also in A Second Mencken Chrestomathy : New Selections from the Writings of America's Legendary Editor, Critic, and Wit(1994) edited by Terry Teachout, p. 34
You protest, and with justice, each time Hitler jails an opponent; but you forget that Stalinand company have jailed and murdered a thousand times as many. It seems to me, and indeed the evidence is plain, that compared to the Moscow brigands and assassins, Hitler is hardly more than a common Ku Kluxer and Mussolini almost a philanthropist.H. L. Mencken, in an open letter to Upton Sinclair, printed in The American Mercury, June 1936.
Even if [in defining 'fascism'] we limit ourselves to our own century and its two most notorious cases, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, we find that they display profound differences. How can we lump together Mussolini and Hitler, the one surrounded by Jewish henchmen and a Jewish mistress, the other an obsessed antisemite? Robert O. Paxton, "Five Stages of Fascism." The Journal of Modern History, Vol 70 no. 1 (March, 1998)
The sweeping social changes proposed by Mussolini's first Fascist program of April 1919 (including the vote for women, the eight-hour day, heavy taxation of war profits, confiscation of church lands, and workers' participation in industrial management) stand in flagrant conflict with the macho persona of the later Duceand his deals with conservatives. Robert O. Paxton, "Five Stages of Fascism." The Journal of Modern History, Vol 70 no. 1 (March, 1998)
Mussolini would be totally forgotten today if some of his lieutenants in the provinces had not discovered different vocations -- bashing Slovenes in Trieste in July 1920 and bashing socialist organizers of farm workers in the Po Valley in fall and winter 1920-21. Mussolini supported these new initiatives by the ras, and his movement turned into something else, thereafter prospering mightily. Robert O. Paxton, "Five Stages of Fascism." The Journal of Modern History, Vol 70 no. 1 (March, 1998)
Neither Hitlernor Mussolini took the helm by force, even if they used force earlier to destablize the liberalregime and later to transform their governments into dictatorships.Robert O. Paxton, "Five Stages of Fascism." The Journal of Modern History, Vol 70 no. 1 (March, 1998)
Mussolini was the greatest man of our century, but he committed certain disasterous errors. I, who have the advantage of his precedent before me, shall follow in his footsteps but also avoid his errors. Juan Perón. Quoted in "Argentina, 1943-1979: The National Revolution and Resistance" by Donald C. Hodges.
You're the top!
You're the Great Houdini!
You're the top!
You are Mussolini!Cole Porter, in the original lyrics of "You're The Top" from Anything Goes(1934);
these lines were later omitted.
[I]t is perhaps to Mussolini's credit as a human being that his nationalism was clearly heartfelt where Stalin's was undoubtedly a mere convenience. J.J. Ray, "Left-wing Fascism: An Intellectual Disorder", Front Page Magazine, 22 October 2002
Fascismwas really the basis for the New Deal. It was Mussolini's success in Italy, with his government-directed economy, that led the early New Dealers to say "But Mussolini keeps the trains running on time." Ronald Reagan. Timein 1976. Reagan adviser Jude Wanniskihas indicatedthat, in 1933, New Dealers as well as much of the world admired Mussolini’s success in avoiding the Great Depression.
Yes, all Africa remembers that it was Litvinovwho stood alone beside Haile Selassie in Geneva, when Mussolini's sons flew with the blessings of the Pope to drop bombs on Ethiopian women and children. Paul Robeson, Paul Robeson Speaks: The Negro and The Soviet Union(1978), p. 238
There seems to be no question that [Mussolini] is really interested in what we are doing and I am much interested and deeply impressed by what he has accomplished and by his evidenced honest purpose of restoring Italy. Franklin D. Rooseveltto US Ambassador to Italy Breckinridge Long, Schivelbusch, Wolfgang. ''Three New Deals : Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939. Macmillan.
I don't mind telling you in confidence that I am keeping in fairly close touch with that admirable Italian gentleman.Franklin Delano Roosevelt, as quoted Wolfgang Schivelbusch (2006). Three New Deals: Reflections on Roosevelt's America, Mussolini's Italy, and Hitler's Germany, 1933-1939, Metropolitan Books, p. 31
The meeting between Chestertonand Il Duce occurred in 1929, ten years before the war, at a time when, whatever his other faults, Mussolini had reintroduced a mark spirit of optimism and freshness to an Italy that had formerly been pessimistic and stagnant. Throughout the 1920s, Chesterton thought he saw in the Italian leader qualities that might have offset certain evils in Britain. It is important to keep in mind that whatever the misreadings of fascism, Chesterton always had some quite specific British problem in view when he praises Mussolini. Robert Royal, in "The Pearl of Great Price", his Introduction to "The Resurrection of Rome" (1930) by G. K. Chestertonin The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton(1990) by Vol. XXI, p. 272
For Chesterton… British public rhetoric was more than a mere style: "The motive is the desire to
disguise a thing even when expressing it." To his mind, the dictator's words, even if his actions were
as bad or worse than those of the parliamentarians, were morally and stylistically superior. At least
they said openly what was being done openly. The British rhetoric, for Chesteron, was one with the decayed
British liberalism that allowed exploitation of workers by plutocrats who were never rebuked by government
or the courts. If nothing else, Mussolini's language was a bracing alternative.
Gazing back across the horrors of World War II, it is hard for us to imagine how good men like Chesterton,
whatever their objections to British liberalism, could admire Mussolini, though several prominent intellectuals
and politicians did. Many of us have family members or friends who fought or died to stop the fascist
darkness, and we find it difficult to sympathize with Chesterton's desire to be fair to Mussolini. Mussolini's
thuggish violence, of course, Chesterton and others rejected. But their admiration was an index of the
scale of reform they thought needed. Robert Royal, in "The Pearl of Great Price", his Introduction to
"The Resurrection of Rome" (1930) by G. K. Chestertonin The Collected Works of G.K. Chesterton(1990)
by Vol. XXI, p. 274
From 1912 to 1914, Mussolini was the Che Guevaraof his day, a living saint of leftism. Handsome, courageous, charismatic, an erudite Marxist, a riveting speaker and writer, a dedicated class warrior to the core, he was the peerless duceof the Italian Left. David Ramsay Steele, in "The Mystery of Fascism" in Liberty(29 January 2002); also quoted in Where Have All The Fascists Gone?(2007) by Tamir Bar-On, p. 79
In the tragic days of Mussolini, the trains in Italy ran on time as never before and I am told in their way, their horrible way, that the Nazi concentration-camp system in Germany was a model of horrible efficiency. The really basic thing in government is policy. Bad administration, to be sure, can destroy good policy, but good administration can never save bad policy. Adlai Stevenson, Speech to the Los Angeles Town Club, Los Angeles, California (11 September 1952); Speeches of Adlai Stevenson (1952), p. 36.
Two years after its inception, fascism was in power. It entrenched itself thanks to the facts the first period of its overlordship coincided with a favorable economic conjuncture, which followed the depression of 1921-22. The fascists crushed the retreating proletariat by the onrushing forces of the petty bourgeoisie. But this was not achieved at a single blow. Even after he assumed power, Mussolini proceeded on his course with due caution: he lacked as yet ready-made models. During the first two years, not even the constitution was altered. The fascist government took on the character of a coalition. In the meantime, the fascist bands were busy at work with clubs, knives, and pistols.Only thus was the fascist government created slowly, which meant the complete strangulation of all independent mass organizations. Leon Trotsky, "How Mussolini Triumphed" in What Next? Vital Question for the German Proletariat, 1932 [2].
External links[edit]
Wikipedia
Wikipediahas an article about:
Benito Mussolini
Commons
Wikimedia Commonshas media related to:
Benito Mussolini
Mussolini's speech on the Declaration of War on France and England (10 June 1940)
Speech, Rome, Italy (23 February 1941)
Mussolini's capture and execution
Categories: Heads of government
Italians
Military leaders
1940s deaths
Fascist Italy
Navigation menu
Create account
Log in
Page
Discussion
Read
Edit
View history
Search
Main Page
Community portal
Village pump
Recent changes
Random page
Help
Donate
Contact Wikiquote
Wikiquote links
People
Literary works
Proverbs
Films
TV shows
Themes
Categories
Toolbox
In other languages
Azərbaycanca
Български
Bosanski
Brezhoneg
Català
Česky
Dansk
Deutsch
Español
Français
Galego
Bahasa Indonesia
Italiano
עברית
Lietuvių
Nederlands
日本語
Polski
Português
Русский
Slovenščina
తెలుగు
Türkçe
Українська
This page was last modified on 13 June 2013, at 04:15.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License; additional terms may apply.
By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Useand Privacy Policy.
Privacy policy
About Wikiquote
Disclaimers
Mobile view
Wikimedia Foundation
Powered by MediaWiki
