12 ip Command Examples for Linux Users

by Pradeep Kumar · Published September 15, 2017 · Updated September 16, 2017

For years & years we have been using 'ifconfig' command to perform network related tasks like checking network interfaces or configuring them. But 'ifconfig' is no longer being maintained & has been deprecated on the recent versions of Linux. 'ifconfig' command has been replaced with 'ip' command.

'ip' command is somewhat similar to 'ifconfig' command but it's much more powerful with much more functionalities attached to it. 'ip' command is able to perform several tasks which were not possible to perform with 'ifconfig' command.

In this tutorial, we are going to discuss 12 most common uses for 'ip' command, so let's get going,

[Dec 28, 2018] Linux ip Command Examples

Dec 28, 2018 | www.cyberciti.biz

The ip command is used to assign an address to a network interface and/or configure network interface parameters on Linux operating systems. This command replaces old good and now deprecated ifconfig command on modern Linux distributions.

ip command details

Description Network configuration

Category Network Utilities

Difficulty Intermediate

Root privileges Yes

Estimated completion time 20m

Contents

" Syntax

" Examples

" List all network interfaces details

" Assign an IP address

" Delete the IP address

" Flush the IP address

" Mark interface as UP or DOWN

" Set the txqueuelen

" Set the MTU

" Show ARP cache

" Add a new ARP entry

" Delete a ARP entry

" Flush ARP cache

" Show routing table

" Add a new route

" Delete a route

" Old vs. new tool

It is used for the following purposes:

Find out which interfaces are configured on the system.

Query the status of a IP interface.

Configure the local loop-back, Ethernet and other IP interfaces.

Mark the interface as up or down.

Configure and modify default and static routing.

Set up tunnel over IP.

Show ARP or NDISC cache entry.

Assign, delete, set up IP address, routes, subnet and other IP information to IP interfaces.

List IP Addresses and property information.

Manage and display the state of all network.

Gather multicast IP addresses info.

Show neighbor objects i.e. ARP cache, invalidate ARP cache, add an entry to ARP cache and more.

Set or delete routing entry.

Find the route an address (say 8.8.8.8 or 192.168.2.24) will take.

Modify the status of interface.

Purpose

Use this command to display and configure the network parameters for host interfaces.

Syntax

ip OBJECT COMMAND ip [options] OBJECT COMMAND ip OBJECT help

Understanding ip command OBJECTS syntax
OBJECTS can be any one of the following and may be written in full or abbreviated form:

Object Abbreviated form Purpose

link l Network device.

address a
addr Protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device.

addrlabel addrl Label configuration for protocol address selection.

neighbour n
neigh ARP or NDISC cache entry.

route r Routing table entry.

rule ru Rule in routing policy database.

maddress m
maddr Multicast address.

mroute mr Multicast routing cache entry.

tunnel t Tunnel over IP.

xfrm x Framework for IPsec protocol.

To get information about each object use help command as follows:

ip OBJECT help ip OBJECT h ip a help ip r help

Warning : The commands described below must be executed with care. If you make a mistake, you will loos connectivity to the server. You must take special care while working over the ssh based remote session.
ip command examples
Don't be intimidated by ip command syntax. Let us get started quickly with examples.
Displays info about all network interfaces
Type the following command to list and show all ip address associated on on all network interfaces:
ip a
OR
ip addr
Sample outputs:

Fig.01 Showing IP address assigned to eth0, eth1, lo using ip command

You can select between IPv4 and IPv6 using the following syntax:
### Only show TCP/IP IPv4  ##
ip -4 a
 
### Only show TCP/IP IPv6  ###
ip -6 a
It is also possible to specify and list particular interface TCP/IP details:
### Only show eth0 interface ###
ip a show eth0
ip a list eth0
ip a show dev eth0
 
### Only show running interfaces ###
ip link ls up
Assigns the IP address to the interface
The syntax is as follows to add an IPv4/IPv6 address:
ip a add {ip_addr/mask} dev {interface}
To assign 192.168.1.200/255.255.255.0 to eth0, enter:
ip a add 192.168.1.200/255.255.255.0 dev eth0
OR
ip a add 192.168.1.200/24 dev eth0
ADDING THE BROADCAST ADDRESS ON THE INTERFACE
By default, the ip command does not set any broadcast address unless explicitly requested. So syntax is as follows to set broadcast ADDRESS:
ip addr add brd {ADDDRESS-HERE} dev {interface} ip addr add broadcast {ADDDRESS-HERE} dev {interface} ip addr add broadcast 172.20.10.255 dev dummy0
It is possible to use the special symbols such as + and - instead of the broadcast address by setting/resetting the host bits of the interface pre x. In this example, add the address 192.168.1.50 with netmask 255.255.255.0 (/24) with standard broadcast and label "eth0Home" to the interface eth0:
ip addr add 192.168.1.50/24 brd + dev eth0 label eth0Home
You can set loopback address to the loopback device lo as follows:
ip addr add 127.0.0.1/8 dev lo brd + scope host
Remove / Delete the IP address from the interface
The syntax is as follows to remove an IPv4/IPv6 address:
ip a del {ipv6_addr_OR_ipv4_addr} dev {interface}

To delete 192.168.1.200/24 from eth0, enter:
ip a del 192.168.1.200/24 dev eth0
Flush the IP address from the interface
You can delete or remote an IPv4/IPv6 address one-by-one as described above . However, the flush command can remove as flush the IP address as per given condition. For example, you can delete all the IP addresses from the private network 192.168.2.0/24 using the following command:
ip -s -s a f to 192.168.2.0/24
Sample outputs:
2: eth0    inet 192.168.2.201/24 scope global secondary eth0
2: eth0    inet 192.168.2.200/24 scope global eth0

*** Round 1, deleting 2 addresses ***
*** Flush is complete after 1 round ***
You can disable IP address on all the ppp (Point-to-Point) interfaces:
ip -4 addr flush label "ppp*"

Here is another example for all the Ethernet interfaces:
ip -4 addr flush label "eth*"
How do I change the state of the device to UP or DOWN?
The syntax is as follows:
ip link set dev {DEVICE} {up|down}
To make the state of the device eth1 down, enter:
ip link set dev eth1 down
To make the state of the device eth1 up, enter:
ip link set dev eth1 up
How do I change the txqueuelen of the device?
You can set the length of the transmit queue of the device using ifconfig command or ip command as follows:
ip link set txqueuelen {NUMBER} dev {DEVICE}
In this example, change the default txqueuelen from 1000 to 10000 for the eth0:
ip link set txqueuelen 10000 dev eth0 ip a list eth0
How do I change the MTU of the device?
For gigabit networks you can set maximum transmission units (MTU) sizes (JumboFrames) for better network performance. The syntax is:
ip link set mtu {NUMBER} dev {DEVICE}
To change the MTU of the device eth0 to 9000, enter:
ip link set mtu 9000 dev eth0 ip a list eth0
Sample outputs:
2: eth0:  mtu 9000 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000
    link/ether 00:08:9b:c4:30:30 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff
    inet 192.168.1.10/24 brd 192.168.1.255 scope global eth1
    inet6 fe80::208:9bff:fec4:3030/64 scope link 
       valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
Display neighbour/arp cache
The syntax is:
ip n show ip neigh show
Sample outputs (note: I masked out some data with alphabets):
74.xx.yy.zz dev eth1 lladdr 00:30:48:yy:zz:ww REACHABLE
10.10.29.66 dev eth0 lladdr 00:30:48:c6:0a:d8 REACHABLE
74.ww.yyy.xxx dev eth1 lladdr 00:1a:30:yy:zz:ww REACHABLE
10.10.29.68 dev eth0 lladdr 00:30:48:33:bc:32 REACHABLE
74.fff.uu.cc dev eth1 lladdr 00:30:48:yy:zz:ww STALE
74.rr.ww.fff dev eth1 lladdr 00:30:48:yy:zz:ww DELAY
10.10.29.65 dev eth0 lladdr 00:1a:30:38:a8:00 REACHABLE
10.10.29.74 dev eth0 lladdr 00:30:48:8e:31:ac REACHABLE
The last field show the the state of the " neighbour unreachability detection " machine for this entry:

STALE – The neighbour is valid, but is probably already unreachable, so the kernel will try to check it at the first transmission.

DELAY – A packet has been sent to the stale neighbour and the kernel is waiting for confirmation.

REACHABLE – The neighbour is valid and apparently reachable.

Add a new ARP entry
The syntax is:
ip neigh add {IP-HERE} lladdr {MAC/LLADDRESS} dev {DEVICE} nud {STATE}
In this example, add a permanent ARP entry for the neighbour 192.168.1.5 on the device eth0:
ip neigh add 192.168.1.5 lladdr 00:1a:30:38:a8:00 dev eth0 nud perm
Where,

neighbour state (nud) meaning

permanent The neighbour entry is valid forever and can be only be removed administratively

noarp The neighbour entry is valid. No attempts to validate this entry will be made but it can be removed when its lifetime expires.

stale The neighbour entry is valid but suspicious. This option to ip neigh does not change the neighbour state if it was valid and the address is not changed by this command.

reachable The neighbour entry is valid until the reachability timeout expires.

Delete a ARP entry
The syntax to invalidate or delete an ARP entry for the neighbour 192.168.1.5 on the device eth1 is as follows.
ip neigh del {IPAddress} dev {DEVICE} ip neigh del 192.168.1.5 dev eth1
CHANGE ARE STATE TO REACHABLE FOR THE NEIGHBOUR 192.168.1.100 ON THE DEVICE ETH1
ip neigh chg 192.168.1.100 dev eth1 nud reachable
Flush ARP entry
This flush or f command flushes neighbour/arp tables, by specifying some condition. The syntax is:
ip -s -s n f {IPAddress}
In this example, flush neighbour/arp table
ip -s -s n f 192.168.1.5
OR
ip -s -s n flush 192.168.1.5
ip route: Routing table management commands
Use the following command to manage or manipulate the kernel routing table.
Show routing table
To display the contents of the routing tables:
ip r ip r list ip route list ip r list [options] ip route
Sample outputs:
default via 192.168.1.254 dev eth1 
192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.1.10
Display routing for 192.168.1.0/24:
ip r list 192.168.1.0/24
Sample outputs:
192.168.1.0/24 dev eth1  proto kernel  scope link  src 192.168.1.10
Add a new route
The syntax is:
ip route add {NETWORK/MASK} via {GATEWAYIP} ip route add {NETWORK/MASK} dev {DEVICE} ip route add default {NETWORK/MASK} dev {DEVICE} ip route add default {NETWORK/MASK} via {GATEWAYIP}
Add a plain route to network 192.168.1.0/24 via gateway 192.168.1.254 :
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 192.168.1.254
To route all traffic via 192.168.1.254 gateway connected via eth0 network interface:
ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0
Delete a route
The syntax is as follows to delete default gateway:
ip route del default
In this example, delete the route created in previous subsection :
ip route del 192.168.1.0/24 dev eth0
Old vs. new tool
Deprecated Linux command and their replacement cheat sheet:

Old command (Deprecated) New command

ifconfig -a ip a

ifconfig enp6s0 down ip link set enp6s0 down

ifconfig enp6s0 up ip link set enp6s0 up

ifconfig enp6s0 192.168.2.24 ip addr add 192.168.2.24/24 dev enp6s0

ifconfig enp6s0 netmask 255.255.255.0 ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev enp6s0

ifconfig enp6s0 mtu 9000 ip link set enp6s0 mtu 9000

ifconfig enp6s0:0 192.168.2.25 ip addr add 192.168.2.25/24 dev enp6s0

netstat ss

netstat -tulpn ss -tulpn

netstat -neopa ss -neopa

netstat -g ip maddr

route ip r

route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev enp6s0 ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 dev enp6s0

route add default gw 192.168.2.254 ip route add default via 192.168.2.254

arp -a ip neigh

arp -v ip -s neigh

arp -s 192.168.2.33 1:2:3:4:5:6 ip neigh add 192.168.3.33 lladdr 1:2:3:4:5:6 dev enp6s0

arp -i enp6s0 -d 192.168.2.254 ip neigh del 192.168.2.254 dev wlp7s0

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Start the discussion at www.nixcraft.com Historical Comment Archive 8 comment

Alyson Calhoun says: January 24, 2014 at 2:05 pm
Great information. Thank you!

Zhi says: January 25, 2014 at 1:07 am
what's the command to set the interface to use DHCP?

Nix Craft says: January 25, 2014 at 7:09 am
Use dhclient command .

Girish says: June 2, 2014 at 3:35 am
Can you please comment if it is possible to configure a point-to-point interface using the "ip" command set? I am especially looking to change the broadcast nature of an eth interface (the link encap and network type) to behave as point-to-point link. At the same time I don't want to use the PPP, or ay other protocol.

positive says: November 15, 2014 at 8:09 pm
good job mate

Kuba says: December 2, 2014 at 10:46 am
Is it possible to make permanent changes using ip command (boot persistent)?

zed says: September 5, 2015 at 9:29 am
How save configuration for after reboot?
there are for example ip route save, but its in binary and mostly useless.
ip command need to have ip xxx dump, with make valid ip calls to make same configuration. same as iptables have iptables-save.
now, in ages of cloud, we need json interface, so we can all power of ip incorporate in couble easy steps to REST interface.

Ernest says: June 14, 2017 at 11:56 am
Helpful article
Thank You

Have a question? Post it on our forum!
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ip command details
Description	Network configuration
Category	Network Utilities
Difficulty	Intermediate
Root privileges	Yes
Estimated completion time	20m
Contents " Syntax " Examples " List all network interfaces details " Assign an IP address " Delete the IP address " Flush the IP address " Mark interface as UP or DOWN " Set the txqueuelen " Set the MTU " Show ARP cache " Add a new ARP entry " Delete a ARP entry " Flush ARP cache " Show routing table " Add a new route " Delete a route " Old vs. new tool

Old command (Deprecated)	New command
`ifconfig -a`	`ip a`
`ifconfig enp6s0 down`	`ip link set enp6s0 down`
`ifconfig enp6s0 up`	`ip link set enp6s0 up`
`ifconfig enp6s0 192.168.2.24`	`ip addr add 192.168.2.24/24 dev enp6s0`
`ifconfig enp6s0 netmask 255.255.255.0`	`ip addr add 192.168.1.1/24 dev enp6s0`
`ifconfig enp6s0 mtu 9000`	`ip link set enp6s0 mtu 9000`
`ifconfig enp6s0:0 192.168.2.25`	`ip addr add 192.168.2.25/24 dev enp6s0`
`netstat`	`ss`
`netstat -tulpn`	`ss -tulpn`
`netstat -neopa`	`ss -neopa`
`netstat -g`	`ip maddr`
`route`	`ip r`
`route add -net 192.168.2.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 dev enp6s0`	`ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 dev enp6s0`
`route add default gw 192.168.2.254`	`ip route add default via 192.168.2.254`
`arp -a`	`ip neigh`
`arp -v`	`ip -s neigh`
`arp -s 192.168.2.33 1:2:3:4:5:6`	`ip neigh add 192.168.3.33 lladdr 1:2:3:4:5:6 dev enp6s0`
`arp -i enp6s0 -d 192.168.2.254`	`ip neigh del 192.168.2.254 dev wlp7s0`

Example 1: Checking network information for interfaces ( LAN Cards )

To check the network information like IP address, Subnet etc for the interfaces, use 'ip addr show' command

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show

or

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip a s

This will show network information related to all interfaces available on our system, but if we want to view same information for single interface, command is

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip addr show enp0s3

where enp0s3 is the name of the interface.

Example 2: Enabling & disabling a network interface

To enable a disable network interface, 'ip' command used is

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 up

& to disable the network interface we will use 'down' trigger,

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip link set enp0s3 down

Example 3: Assigning IP address & other network information to an interface

To assign IP address to interface, we will use

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.50/255.255.255.0 dev enp0s3

We can also set broadcast address to interface with 'ip' command. By default no broadcast address is set, so to set a broadcast address command is

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo  ip addr add broadcast 192.168.0.255 dev enp0s3

We can also set standard broadcast address along with IP address by using the following command,

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.10/24 brd + dev enp0s3

As shown in the above example, we can also use 'brd' in place on 'broadcast' to set broadcast ip address.

Example 4: Removing IP address from interface

If we want to flush or remove the assigned IP from interface, then the beneath ip command

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip addr del 192.168.0.10/24 dev enp0s3

Example 5: Adding an Alias for an interface (enp0s3)

To add an alias i.e. assign more than one IP to an interface, execute below command

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip addr add 192.168.0.20/24 dev enp0s3 label enp0s3:1

Example 6: Checking route or default gateway information

Checking routing information shows us the route a packet will take to reach the destination. To check the network routing information, execute the following command,

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip route show

In the output we will see the routing information for packets for all the network interfaces. We can also get the routing information to a particular ip using,

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route get 192.168.0.1

Example 7: Adding a static route

If we want to change the default route taken by packets, we can do so with IP command. To assign a default gateway, use following 'ip route' command

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add default via 192.168.0.150/24

So now all network packets will travel via 192.168.0.150 as opposed to old default route. For changing the default route for a single interface & to make change route further, execute

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3

Example 8: Removing a static route

To remove the a previously changes default route, open terminal & run,

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo ip route del 192.168.0.150/24

Note:- Changes made to default route using the above mentioned commands are only temporary & all changes will be lost after a system has been restarted. To make a persistence route change, we need to modify / create route-enp0s3 file . Add the following line to it, demonstration is shown below

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  sudo vi /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/route-enp0s3

172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3

Save and Exit the file.

If you are using Ubuntu or debian based OS, than the location of the file is '/etc/network/interfaces' and add the line "ip route add 172.16.32.32 via 192.168.0.150/24 dev enp0s3" to the bottom of the file.

Example 9: Checking all ARP entries

ARP, short for 'Address Resolution Protocol' , is used to convert an IP address to physical address (also known as MAC address) & all the IP and their corresponding MAC details are stored in a table known as ARP cache.

To view entries in ARP cache i.e. MAC addresses of the devices connected in LAN, the IP command used is

[linuxtechi@localhost]$  ip neigh

Example 10: Modifying ARP entries

To delete an ARP entry, the command used is

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh del 192.168.0.106 dev enp0s3

or if we want to add a new entry to ARP cache, the command is

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ sudo ip neigh add 192.168.0.150 lladdr 33:1g:75:37:r3:84 dev enp0s3 nud perm

where nud means neighbour state, it can be

perm – permanent & can only be removed by administrator,
noarp – entry is valid but can be removed after lifetime expires,
stale – entry is valid but suspicious,
reachable – entry is valid until timeout expires.

Example 11: Checking network statistics

With 'ip' command we can also view the network statistics like bytes and packets transferred, errors or dropped packets etc for all the network interfaces. To view network statistics, use 'ip -s link' command

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip -s link

Example 12: How to get help

If you want to find a option which is not listed in above examples, then you can look for help. In Fact you can use help for all the commands. To list all available options that can be used with 'ip' command, use

[linuxtechi@localhost]$ ip help

Remember that 'ip' command is very important command for Linux admins and it should be learned and mastered to configure network with ease. That's it for now, please do provide your suggestions & leave your queries in the comment box below.

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Object	Abbreviated form	Purpose
`link`	`l`	Network device.
`address`	`a` `addr`	Protocol (IP or IPv6) address on a device.
`addrlabel`	`addrl`	Label configuration for protocol address selection.
`neighbour`	`n` `neigh`	ARP or NDISC cache entry.
`route`	`r`	Routing table entry.
`rule`	`ru`	Rule in routing policy database.
`maddress`	`m` `maddr`	Multicast address.
`mroute`	`mr`	Multicast routing cache entry.
`tunnel`	`t`	Tunnel over IP.
`xfrm`	`x`	Framework for IPsec protocol.

neighbour state (nud)	meaning
`permanent`	The neighbour entry is valid forever and can be only be removed administratively
`noarp`	The neighbour entry is valid. No attempts to validate this entry will be made but it can be removed when its lifetime expires.
`stale`	The neighbour entry is valid but suspicious. This option to ip neigh does not change the neighbour state if it was valid and the address is not changed by this command.
`reachable`	The neighbour entry is valid until the reachability timeout expires.

Linux ip command

Validating Network Configuration

Validating Routing

Checking the Availability of Ports and Services

Verifying Network Settings

Syntax

Options

Ip - Command Syntax

ip link - network device configuration

ip address - protocol address management.

ip neighbour - neighbour/arp tables management.

ip route - routing table management

Route tables

ip rule - routing policy database management

ip maddress - multicast addresses management

ip mroute - multicast routing cache management

ip tunnel - tunnel configuration

ip monitor and rtmon - state monitoring

History

See Also

Author

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