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FIPS 81 - Des Modes of Operation
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2. Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode. The Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode is defined as follows (Figure 1). In ECB encryption, a plaintext datablock (D1,D2,...,D64) is used directly as the DES input block(I1,I2,... ,I64). The input block is processed through a DES device in the encrypt state. The resultant output block (O1,O2,...,O64) is used directly as cipher text(C1,C2,...,C64) or may be used in subsequent ADP applications.
In ECB decryption, a cipher text block (C1,C2,...,C64) is used directly as the DES input block (I1,I2,...,I64). The input block is then processed through a DES device in the decrypt state. The resultant output block(O1,O2,...,O64) is the plain text (D1,D2,. ..,D64) or may be used in subsequent ADP applications.
The ECB decryption process is the same as the ECB encryption process except that the decrypt state of the DES device is used rather than the encrypt state.
3. Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode. The Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode is defined as follows (Figure 2). A message to be encrypted is divided into blocks. In CBC encryption, the first DES input block is formed by exclusive-ORing the first block of a message with a 64-bit initialization vector (IV), i.e., (I1,I2,...,I64) =(IV1^D1,IV2^D2,...,IV64^D64). The input block is processed through a DES device in the encrypt state, and the resulting output block isused as the cipher text, i.e., (C1,C2,... ,C64) = (O1,O2,.. ,O64). This first cipher text block is then exclusive-ORed with the second plain text data block to produce the second DES input block, i.e.,(I1,I2,...,I64) = (C1^D1,C2^D2,...,C64^64). Note that I and D now refer to the second block. The second input block is processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce the second cipher text block. This encryption process continues to "chain" successive cipher and plain text blocks together until the last plaintext block in the message is encrypted. If the message does not consist of an integral number of data blocks, then the final partial data block should be encrypted in a manner specified for the application. One such method is described in Appendix C of this standard.
In CBC decryption, the first cipher text block of an encrypted message is used as the input block and is processed through a DES device in the decrypt state, i.e., (I1,I2,...,I64) = (C1,C2,...,C64). The resulting output block, which equals the original input block to the DES during encryption, is exclusive-ORed with the IV (must be same as that used during encryption) to produce the first plain text block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,D64)= (O1^IV1,O2^IV2,...,O64^IV64). The second cipher text block is then used as the input block and is processed through the DES in the decrypt state and the resulting output block is exclusive-ORed with the first cipher text block to produce the second plain text data block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,D64) =(O1^C1,O2^C2,...,O64^C64). Note that again the D and O refer to the second block. The CBC decryption process continues in this manner until the last complete cipher text block has been decrypted. Ciphertext representing a partial data block must be decrypted in a manner as specified for the application.
4. Cipher Feedback (CFB) Node. The Cipher Feedback (CFB) mode is defined as follows (Figure 3). A message to be encrypted is divided into data units each containing K bits (K = 1,2,... ,64). In both the CFB encrypt and decrypt operations, an initialization vector (IV) of length L is used. The IV is placed in the least significant bits ofthe DES input block with the unused bits set to "0's," i.e., (I1,I2,...,I64) = (0,0,...,0,IV1,IV2,IVL). This input block is processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce an output block. During encryption, cipher text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit plain text data unit with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (C1,C2,...,CK) = (D1^O1,D2^O2,...,DK^OK). Similarly, during decryption, plain text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit unit of cipher text with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,DK) = (C1^O1,C2^O2,. ..,CK^OK). In both cases the unused bits of the DES output block are discarded. In both cases the next input block is created by discarding the most signif icant K bits of the previous input block, shifting the remaining bits K positions to the left and then inserting the K bits of cipher text just produced in the encryption operation or just used in the decrypt operation into the least significant bit positions, i.e., (I1,I2,...,I64) = (I[K+1],I[K+2],...,164,C1,C2,...,CK). This input block is then processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce the next output block. This process continues until the entire plain text message has been encrypted or until the entire cipher text message has been decrypted.
The CFB mode may operate on data units of length l through 64 inclusive. K-bit CFB is defined to be the CFB mode operating on data units of length K for K = 1,2,... ,64. For each operation of the DES device one K-bit unit of plain text produces one K-bit unit of cipher text or one K-bit unit of cipher text produces one K-bit unit of plain text.
An acceptable alternative for 8-bit CFB when enciphering 7-bit entities using an 8-bit feedback path is to insert a "1" bit in bit position one of the 8-bit feedback path, i.e., ("1",C1,C2,... ,C7). This results in a "1" always being placed in bit location 57 of the DES input block. This alternative is called the 7-bit CFB(a) mode of operation.
5. Output Feedback (OFB) Node. The Output Feedback (OFB) mode is defined as follows (Figure 4). A message to be encrypted is divided into data units each containing K bits (K = 1,2,...,64). In both the OFB encrypt and decrypt operations, an initialization vector (IV) of length L is used. The IV is placed in the least significant bits of the DES input block with the unused bits set to "O's," i.e.,(I1,I2,...,I64) = (0,0,...,0,IV1,IV2,...,IVL). This input block is processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce an output block. During encryption, cipher text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit plain text data unit with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (C1,C2,...,CK) = (D1^O1,D2^O2,...,DK^OK). Similarly, during decryption, plain text is produced by exclusive-ORing a K-bit unit of cipher text with the most significant K bits of the output block, i.e., (D1,D2,...,DK) =(C1^O1,C2^O2,...,CK^OK). In both cases the unused bits of the DES output block are discarded. In both cases the next input block is created by discarding the most significant K bits of the previous input block, shifting the remaining bits K positions to the left and then inserting the K bits of output just used into the least significant bit positions, i.e., (Il,I2,...,I64) = (I[K+1], I[K+2],..., I64, O1, O2,...,OK). This input block is then processed through the DES device in the encrypt state to produce the next output block. This process continues until the entire plain text message has been encrypted or until the entire cipher text message has been decrypted.
The OFB mode may operate on data units of length 1 through 64 inclusive. K-bit OFB is defined to be the 0FB mode operating on data units of length K for K = 1,2,...,64. For each operation of the DES device one K-bit unit of plain text produces one K-bit unit of cipher text or one K-bit unit of cipher text produces one K-bit unit of plain text.
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A High-Speed Software DES Implementation. ... A variety of
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that can be used to increase the performance of a DES implementation.
...
Digital Systems Research Center- Report 90A High-speed DES Implementation for Network ApplicationsHans EberleSeptember 23, 1992, 24 pages
This paper describes a high-speed data encryption chip implementing the Data Encryption Standard (DES). The DES implementation supports Electronic Code Book mode and Cipher Block Chaining mode. The chip is based on a gallium arsenide (GaAs) gate array containing 50K transistors. At a clock frequency of 250 MHz, data can be encrypted or decrypted at a rate of 1 GBit/second, making this the fastest single-chip implementation reported to date. High performance and high density have been achieved by using custom-designed circuits to implement the core of the DES algorithm. These circuits employ precharged logic, a methodology novel to the design of GaAs devices. A pipelined flow-through architecture and an efficient key exchange mechanism make this chip suitable for low-latency network controllers.
Portable Document Format (PDF) -- 168 Kbytes
Triple DES, DES, and Skipjack - FIPS 46-3, 81, and 185
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How to implement the Data Encryption Standard (DES) A step by step tutorial
Version 1.2 by
Matthew Fischer ([email protected])
The Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm, adopted by the U.S. government in 1977, is a block cipher that transforms 64-bit data blocks under a 56-bit secret key, by means of permutation and substitution. It is officially described in FIPS PUB 46. The DES algorithm is used for many applications within the government and in the private sector.
This is a tutorial designed to be clear and compact, and to provide a newcomer to the DES with all the necessary information to implement it himself, without having to track down printed works or wade through C source code. I welcome any comments.
Here's how to do it, step by step:
1.1 Get a 64-bit key from the user. (Every 8th bit is considered a parity bit. For a key to have correct parity, each byte should contain an odd number of "1" bits.)
1.2 Calculate the key schedule.
1.2.1 Perform the following permutation on the 64-bit key. (The parity bits are discarded, reducing the key to 56 bits. Bit 1 of the permuted block is bit 57 of the original key, bit 2 is bit 49, and so on with bit 56 being bit 4 of the original key.)
Permuted Choice 1 (PC-1)
57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1 58 50 42 34 26 18 10 2 59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3 60 52 44 36 63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7 62 54 46 38 30 22 14 6 61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5 28 20 12 4
1.2.2 Split the permuted key into two halves. The first 28 bits are called C[0] and the last 28 bits are called D[0].
1.2.3 Calculate the 16 subkeys. Start with i = 1.
1.2.3.1 Perform one or two circular left shifts on both C[i-1] and D[i-1] to get C[i] and D[i], respectively. The number of shifts per iteration are given in the table below.
Iteration # 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Left Shifts 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1
1.2.3.2 Permute the concatenation C[i]D[i] as indicated below. This will yield K[i], which is 48 bits long.
Permuted Choice 2 (PC-2)
14 17 11 24 1 5 3 28 15 6 21 10 23 19 12 4 26 8 16 7 27 20 13 2 41 52 31 37 47 55 30 40 51 45 33 48 44 49 39 56 34 53 46 42 50 36 29 32
1.2.3.3 Loop back to 1.2.3.1 until K[16] has been calculated.
2.1 Get a 64-bit data block. If the block is shorter than 64 bits, it should be padded as appropriate for the application.
2.2 Perform the following permutation on the data block.
Initial Permutation (IP)
58 50 42 34 26 18 10 2 60 52 44 36 28 20 12 4 62 54 46 38 30 22 14 6 64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8 57 49 41 33 25 17 9 1 59 51 43 35 27 19 11 3 61 53 45 37 29 21 13 5 63 55 47 39 31 23 15 7
2.3 Split the block into two halves. The first 32 bits are called L[0], and the last 32 bits are called R[0].
2.4 Apply the 16 subkeys to the data block. Start with i = 1.
2.4.1 Expand the 32-bit R[i-1] into 48 bits according to the bit-selection function below.
Expansion (E)
32 1 2 3 4 5 4 5 6 7 8 9 8 9 10 11 12 13 12 13 14 15 16 17 16 17 18 19 20 21 20 21 22 23 24 25 24 25 26 27 28 29 28 29 30 31 32 1
2.4.2 Exclusive-or E(R[i-1]) with K[i].
2.4.3 Break E(R[i-1]) xor K[i] into eight 6-bit blocks. Bits 1-6 are B[1], bits 7-12 are B[2], and so on with bits 43-48 being B[8].
2.4.4 Substitute the values found in the S-boxes for all B[j]. Start with j = 1. All values in the S-boxes should be considered 4 bits wide.
2.4.4.1 Take the 1st and 6th bits of B[j] together as a 2-bit value (call it m) indicating the row in S[j] to look in for the substitution.
2.4.4.2 Take the 2nd through 5th bits of B[j] together as a 4-bit value (call it n) indicating the column in S[j] to find the substitution.
2.4.4.3 Replace B[j] with S[j][m][n].
Substitution Box 1 (S[1])
14 4 13 1 2 15 11 8 3 10 6 12 5 9 0 7 0 15 7 4 14 2 13 1 10 6 12 11 9 5 3 8 4 1 14 8 13 6 2 11 15 12 9 7 3 10 5 0 15 12 8 2 4 9 1 7 5 11 3 14 10 0 6 13
S[2]
15 1 8 14 6 11 3 4 9 7 2 13 12 0 5 10 3 13 4 7 15 2 8 14 12 0 1 10 6 9 11 5 0 14 7 11 10 4 13 1 5 8 12 6 9 3 2 15 13 8 10 1 3 15 4 2 11 6 7 12 0 5 14 9
S[3]
10 0 9 14 6 3 15 5 1 13 12 7 11 4 2 8 13 7 0 9 3 4 6 10 2 8 5 14 12 11 15 1 13 6 4 9 8 15 3 0 11 1 2 12 5 10 14 7 1 10 13 0 6 9 8 7 4 15 14 3 11 5 2 12
S[4]
7 13 14 3 0 6 9 10 1 2 8 5 11 12 4 15 13 8 11 5 6 15 0 3 4 7 2 12 1 10 14 9 10 6 9 0 12 11 7 13 15 1 3 14 5 2 8 4 3 15 0 6 10 1 13 8 9 4 5 11 12 7 2 14
S[5]
2 12 4 1 7 10 11 6 8 5 3 15 13 0 14 9 14 11 2 12 4 7 13 1 5 0 15 10 3 9 8 6 4 2 1 11 10 13 7 8 15 9 12 5 6 3 0 14 11 8 12 7 1 14 2 13 6 15 0 9 10 4 5 3
S[6]
12 1 10 15 9 2 6 8 0 13 3 4 14 7 5 11 10 15 4 2 7 12 9 5 6 1 13 14 0 11 3 8 9 14 15 5 2 8 12 3 7 0 4 10 1 13 11 6 4 3 2 12 9 5 15 10 11 14 1 7 6 0 8 13
S[7]
4 11 2 14 15 0 8 13 3 12 9 7 5 10 6 1 13 0 11 7 4 9 1 10 14 3 5 12 2 15 8 6 1 4 11 13 12 3 7 14 10 15 6 8 0 5 9 2 6 11 13 8 1 4 10 7 9 5 0 15 14 2 3 12
S[8]
13 2 8 4 6 15 11 1 10 9 3 14 5 0 12 7 1 15 13 8 10 3 7 4 12 5 6 11 0 14 9 2 7 11 4 1 9 12 14 2 0 6 10 13 15 3 5 8 2 1 14 7 4 10 8 13 15 12 9 0 3 5 6 11
2.4.4.4 Loop back to 2.4.4.1 until all 8 blocks have been replaced.
2.4.5 Permute the concatenation of B[1] through B[8] as indicated below.
Permutation P
16 7 20 21 29 12 28 17 1 15 23 26 5 18 31 10 2 8 24 14 32 27 3 9 19 13 30 6 22 11 4 25
2.4.6 Exclusive-or the resulting value with L[i-1]. Thus, all together, your R[i] = L[i-1] xor P(S[1](B[1])...S[8](B[8])), where B[j] is a 6-bit block of E(R[i-1]) xor K[i]. (The function for R[i] is written as, R[i] = L[i-1] xor f(R[i-1], K[i]).)
2.4.7 L[i] = R[i-1].
2.4.8 Loop back to 2.4.1 until K[16] has been applied.
2.5 Perform the following permutation on the block R[16]L[16].
Final Permutation (IP-1)
40 8 48 16 56 24 64 32 39 7 47 15 55 23 63 31 38 6 46 14 54 22 62 30 37 5 45 13 53 21 61 29 36 4 44 12 52 20 60 28 35 3 43 11 51 19 59 27 34 2 42 10 50 18 58 26 33 1 41 9 49 17 57 25
This has been a description of how to use the DES algorithm to encrypt one 64-bit block. To decrypt, use the same process, but just use the keys K[i] in reverse order. That is, instead of applying K[1] for the first iteration, apply K[16], and then K[15] for the second, on down to K[1].
Key schedule:
C[0]D[0] = PC1(key) for 1 <= i <= 16 C[i] = LS[i](C[i-1]) D[i] = LS[i](D[i-1]) K[i] = PC2(C[i]D[i])
Encipherment:
L[0]R[0] = IP(plain block) for 1 <= i <= 16 L[i] = R[i-1] R[i] = L[i-1] xor f(R[i-1], K[i]) cipher block = FP(R[16]L[16])
Decipherment:
R[16]L[16] = IP(cipher block) for 1 <= i <= 16 R[i-1] = L[i] L[i-1] = R[i] xor f(L[i], K[i]) plain block = FP(L[0]R[0])
To encrypt or decrypt more than 64 bits there are four official modes (defined in FIPS PUB 81). One is to go through the above-described process for each block in succession. This is called Electronic Codebook (ECB) mode.
A stronger method is to exclusive-or each plaintext block with the preceding ciphertext block prior to encryption. (The first block is exclusive-or'ed with a secret 64-bit initialization vector (IV).)
This is called Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) mode.
The other two modes are Output Feedback (OFB) and Cipher Feedback (CFB).
When it comes to padding the data block, there are several options. One is to simply append zeros. Two suggested by FIPS PUB 81 are, if the data is binary data, fill up the block with bits that are the opposite of the last bit of data, or, if the data is ASCII data, fill up the block with random bytes and put the ASCII character for the number of pad bytes in the last byte of the block. Another technique is to pad the block with random bytes and in the last 3 bits store the original number of data bytes.
The DES algorithm can also be used to calculate checksums up to 64 bits long (see FIPS PUB 113). If the number of data bits to be checksummed is not a multiple of 64, the last data block should be padded with zeros. If the data is ASCII data, the first bit of each byte should be set to 0. The data is then encrypted in CBC mode with IV = 0. The leftmost n bits (where 16 <= n <= 64, and n is a multiple of 8) of the final ciphertext block are an n-bit checksum.
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