Solaris NFS

NFS is a network filesystem originally developed by Sun (version 2, see RFC1094) and later enhanced by Network Appliance and other companies (version 3 and 4 of NFS). It works well for sharing filesystems between multiple clients, but is slower then some other network filesystems (Samba). It is also more fault tolerant then most other network filesystems.  NFS4 uses TCP, earlier versions use UDP.

Currently all three versions of NFS are in use, but NFS version 3 is the most popular and the most widely implemented.

NFS  is a server-client protocol. The server and client do not have to use the same operating system. The client system just needs to be running an NFS client compatible with the NFS server.

The NFS server exports one or more directories to the client systems, and the client systems mount one or more of the shared directories to local directories called mount points. After the share is mounted, all I/O operations are written back to the server, and all clients notice the change as if it occurred on the local filesystem. A manual refresh is not needed because the client accesses the remote filesystem as if it were local. Access is granted or restricted by client IP addresses.

As NFS is based on a client-server model. The server offers filesystems to other systems. This is called exporting or sharing and the filesystems offered are called "exports."

• On the server you need to allow export of particular filesystem
• The clients can mount server exports using an extension of mount command used to mount local filesystems.
• Earlier versions of NFS (version 2) were statelessness. You can reboot a server and the client won't crash. It won't be able to access files on the server's export while the server is down, but once it returns, you'll pick up right where things left off. Other network filesystem are less resilient then NFS version 2.

Filesystems shared through NFS software can also be mounted automatically "on demand". Special daemon called automountd catches the cases when user changes to NFS directory and, if it not yet mounted, transparently mounts it.  The list of mount points should be provided as a configuration file. Essentially any I/O operation on s program notifies the automount daemon, automountd,  and it mounts it. If there is a long period of inactivity the directory is unmounted. In other words, the automountd daemon transparently performs mounting and unmounting of remote directories listed in autofs configuration file on an "as-needed" basis.

The NFS implementation relies on special protocol called the Remote Procedure Call (RPC) protocol. RPC server daemon must be running for NFS to be accessible. You can check whether RPC is active by issuing this command at the shell prompt:

rpcinfo -p

rpcinfo -p
program vers proto   port
 100000    2   tcp    111  portmapper
 100000    2   udp    111  portmapper

Because the NFS service makes the physical location of the filesystem irrelevant to the user, it is possible to   enable users to have a directory or several directories that will be mounted automatically with all the relevant files regardless of what server or workstation the user is logged in. This idea was first implemented in Solaris were you can share your home directory (home/export/user) on one server (master) and it will be mount at location /home/user on all other computers that user configured to have this mount point.

In other words instead of keeping copies of commonly used files (for example your personal profile and other dot-files) on every system and synchronizing it with the master copy, the NFS  enables you to place one copy  on specific system (master) and have all other systems access it across the network. For small files NFS access is almost indistinguishable from local access.  For large files like ISO files the difference is quite noticeable  and on networks with speed less then 1GBit/sec access is too slow.

Writable NFS-sharable directories should generally constitute a separate partition. This way you can protect the server that shares this directory from malicious users who can to fill all the space available with junk file,  by writing large files onto it.  This can  crash some daemons on the remote server.  From this point of view there is some danger in allowing regular users to mount NFS filesystem.

NFS controls who can mount an exported filesystem based on the host making the mount request, not the user that will actually use the filesystem. Hosts must be given explicit rights to mount the exported filesystem. User access control is limited to file and directory permissions. In other words, once a filesystem is exported via NFS, user with appropriate credentials on any remote host connected to the NFS server can access the shared data. To limit the potential risks, administrators can only allow read-only access or squash owner and group of the NFS mounted system to a common user and groupid.  But as with other security enhancing strategies such solutions may prevent the NFS share from being used in the way it was originally intended.

Additionally, if an attacker gains control of the DNS server used by the system exporting the NFS filesystem, the system associated with a particular hostname or fully qualified domain name can be pointed to an unauthorized machine. At this point, the unauthorized machine became the system permitted to mount the NFS share, since no username or password information is exchanged to provide additional security for the NFS mount. The same risks hold true to compromised NIS servers, if NIS netgroups are used to allow certain hosts to mount an NFS share. By using IP addresses in /etc/exports, this kind of attack is more difficult.

Wildcards should be used sparingly when exporting NFS shares as the scope of the wildcard may encompass more systems than intended.

Once the NFS filesystem is mounted read-write by a remote host, the only protection each shared file has is its permissions. If two different users share the same userid value on remote NFS server and client, they will be able to modify each others files. Of course root on the client system can use the su - command to become any user and as such can access all mounted via the NFS files.

The default behavior when exporting a filesystem via NFS is to use root squashing. This sets the userid of anyone accessing the NFS share as the root user on their local machine to a value of the server's nobody account. When you exporting an NFS share read-only you can also use the all_squash option, which makes every user accessing the exported filesystem take the userid of the nobody user.

Exporting files

Before filesystems or directories can be accessed (that is, mounted) by a client through NFS, they must be shared or  exported.  This is a server-based operation. Once shared, authorized NFS clients can mount the resources. You can group exportable directories under special root directories. Such practice is reflected in Solaris directory name /export/home

To start the NFS server daemons or to specify the number of concurrent NFS requests that can be handled by the nfsd daemon, use in Solaris is the /etc/rc3.d/S15nfs.server script. 

You need several daemons to support NFS activities. These daemons can support both NFS client and NFS server activity, NFS server activity alone, or logging of the NFS server activity. Also there should be startup script. For exmaple on Solaris there are six daemons that support NFS:

1. mountd Handles filesystem mount requests from remote systems, and provides access control (server)
2. nfsd Handles client filesystem requests (both client and server)
3. statd Works with the lockd daemon to provide crash recovery functions for the lock manager (server)
4. lockd Supports record locking operations on NFS files
5. nfslogd  Provides filesystem logging. Runs only if one or more filesystems is mounted with log attribute.

Solaris  startup scripts is called  /etc/rc3.d/S15nfs.server .

Troubleshooting

You can detect most NFS problems from console messages or from certain symptoms that appear on a client system. Some common errors are (see Troubleshooting Solaris NFS Problems for more information):

1. The rpcbind failure error incorrect host Internet address or server overload
    
2. The server not responding error network connection or server is down
    
3. The NFS client fails a reboot error a client is requesting an NFS mount using an entry in the /etc/vfstab file, specifying a foreground mount from a non-operational NFS server.
    
4. The service not responding error an accessible server is not running the NFS server daemons.
    
5. The program not registered error  an accessible server is not running the mountd daemon.
    
6. The stale file handle error [file moved on the server]. To solve the stale NFS file handle error condition, unmount and mount the resource again on the client.
    
7. The unknown host error the host name of the server on the client is missing from the hosts table.
    
8. The mount point error check that the mount point exists on the client
    
9. The no such file error unknown file name on the server
    
10. No such file or directory  the directory does not exists on the server

NFS Server Commands

• share (Solaris only) Makes a local directory on an NFS server available for mounting. Without parameters displays the contents of the /etc/dfs/sharetab file.
• unshare (Solaris only)Makes a previously available directory unavailable for client side mount operations.
• shareall (Solaris only)Reads and executes share statements in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file.
• unshareall(Solaris only) Makes previously shared resources unavailable.
• dfshares Lists available shared resources from a remote or local NFS server.
• dfmounts Displays a list of NFS server directories that are currently mounted.

The share command

NFS resources can be shared using the share command and unshared using the unshare command. In addition, any resources identified in the /etc/dfs/dfstab file are automatically shared at system boot or when the shareall command is used. Shared resources are automatically recorded in the /etc/dfs/sharetab file. When the unshareall command is used, all resources listed in the /etc/dfs/sharetab file are automatically unshared.

The share command (Solaris only) is used to share NFS resources so that NFS clients can mount and access them. At a minimum, the full pathname of the directory (or mount point of the filesystem) to be shared is specified as a command-line argument. In addition, three other command-line arguments are supported:

• The -d command-line argument is followed by a description of the data being shared.
• The -F nfs command-line argument is used to specify the type of filesystem. If not specified, the default filesystem type listed in the /etc/dfs/fstypes file (NFS) is assumed.
• The -o command-line argument is followed by one or more NFS-specific options (separated by commas).

For example:

# share -F nfs -o public,ro /export/home

If the share command is used without any command-line arguments, the currently shared resources will be listed.
 

The unshare command is used to stop the sharing of NFS resources so that NFS clients can no longer mount and access them. At a minimum, the full pathname of a directory (or mount point of the filesystem) that is currently shared is specified as a command-line argument.

Only one other command-line argument is supported: the -F nfs command-line argument, which is used to specify the type of filesystem. If not specified, the default filesystem type listed in the /etc/dfs/fstypes file (NFS) is assumed.

The following listing shows using the unshare command to stop the sharing of the /export/home filesystem:

# unshare -F nfs /export/home

Solaris uses six configuration files to support NFS server: Three common, one specific for client and two specific for the server

NFS Logging  is accomplished by nfslogd  daemon with the configuration stored in /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf and  /etc/default/nfslogd. The functions of the nfslogd daemon:

• Converts the raw data from the logging operation into ASCII records, and stores the raw data in ASCII log files.
• Resolves IP addresses to host names and UIDs to login names.
• Maps the file handles to path names, and records the mappings in a file-handle-to-path mapping table. Each tag in the /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf file corresponds to one mapping table.

The NFS Logging Daemon monitors and analyzes RPC operations processed by the NFS server. If enabled, each RPC operation is stored in the NFS log file as a record that contains:

• Time stamp
• IP address or hostname of client
• File or directory affected by operation
• Type of operation: input, output, make directory, remove directory, or remove file

The NFS server logging consists of two phases. The first phase is performed by the kernel; it records RPC requests in a work buffer. The second phase is performed by the daemon; it reads the work buffer, constructs and writes the log records. The amount of time the daemon waits before reading the work buffer along with other configurable parameters are specified in the /etc/default/nfslogd file. /etc/default/nfslogd file can contain a number of parameters (the initial nfslogd provided with the Solaris 9 system contains only comments):

• CYCLE_FREQUENCY— Amount of time (in hours) of the log cycle (close current log and open new one). This is to prevent the logs from getting too large.
• IDLE_TIME— Amount of time (in seconds) that the logging daemon will sleep while waiting for data to be placed in the work buffer.
• MAPPING_UPDATE_INTERVAL— The amount of time (in seconds) between updates of the file handle to pathname mapping database.
• MAX_LOGS_PRESERVE— The maximum number of log files to save.
• MIN_PROCESSING_SIZE— Minimum size (in bytes) of the work buffer before the logging daemon will process its contents.
• PRUNE_TIMEOUT— The amount of time (in hours) the access time of a file associated with a record in the pathname mapping database can remain unchanged before it is removed.
• UMASK— umask used for the work buffer and file handle to pathname mapping database.

The /etc/nfs/nfslog.conf file is used to specify the location of log files, file handle to pathname mapping database, and work buffer, along with a few other parameters.  Set of parameters can be grouped together and associated with a tag. this way multiple configurations can be specified in the configuration file. The default configuration has the tag global . the following NFS logging parameters can be set:

• buffer— Specifies location of working buffer.
• defaultdir— Specifies the default directory of files. If specified, this path is added to the beginning of other parameters that are used to specify the location of files.
• fhtable— Specifies location of the file handle to pathname mapping database.
• log— Specifies location of log files.
• logformat— Specifies either basic (default) or extended logging.

For example:

#ident  "@(#)nfslog.conf        1.5     99/02/21 SMI"
#
# Copyright (c) 1999 by Sun Microsystems, Inc.
# All rights reserved.
#
# NFS server log configuration file.
#
# <tag> [ defaultdir=<dir_path> ] \
# [ log=<logfile_path> ] [ fhtable=<table_path> ] \
# [ buffer=<bufferfile_path> ] [ logformat=basic|extended ]
#

global  defaultdir=/var/nfs log=nfslog fhtable=fhtable buffer=nfslog_workbuffer

Logging is enabled on a per-share (filesystem/directory) basis, by adding the -o log option to the share command. 

Note:

• The configuration file that controls the number of NFS logs created and the permissions on the log files is :  /etc/default/nfslogd . This is a strange name for such a file but we have what we have.

NEWS CONTENTS

• 20060801 : Network Appliance - The Evolution of NFS by Dave Hitz & Andy Watson, Network Appliance, Inc. ( Network Appliance - The Evolution of NFS, Aug 1, 2006 )
• 20060801 : SRP Open-Source Password Security ( SRP Open-Source Password Security, )
• 20020602 : CITI Projects NFS Version 4 Open Source Reference Implementation ( CITI Projects NFS Version 4 Open Source Reference Implementation, Jun 2, 2002 )
• 20020602 : IBM Redbooks Securing NFS in AIX An Introduction to NFS v4 in AIX 5L Version 5.3 ( IBM Redbooks Securing NFS in AIX An Introduction to NFS v4 in AIX 5L Version 5.3, )
• 20020602 : SUMMARY NFS Security in Solaris 8 ( SUMMARY NFS Security in Solaris 8, )
• 20020602 : NFS Maestro support for Solaris NFS security modes ( NFS Maestro support for Solaris NFS security modes, )
• 20020602 : The making of NFSv4 ( The making of NFSv4, )
• 210210 : Managing NFS[tm] Workloads by Richard McDougall, Adrian Cockcroft and Evert Hoogendoorn ( Managing NFS[tm] Workloads, )

Old News ;-)

[Aug 1, 2006] Network Appliance - The Evolution of NFS by Dave Hitz & Andy Watson, Network Appliance, Inc.

1. NFS changes since 1985

• Close-to-Open File Consistency
• Automounter
• Performance Improvements
  • Non-Volatile RAM to Improve Write Performance
  • Dynamic Retry Time Adjustment
  • Improved Retry Cache Heuristics
  • Client Side Disk Caching

2. NFSv3

• 64-bit File Sizes
• Performance Improvements
  • Large Block Transfers (greater than 8 KB)
  • Safe Asynchronous Writes
  • Improved Attribute Returns
  • Readdirplus

3. Other Recent Changes and Future Possibilities

• NFS Over TCP
• Kerberized NFS
• RSA Encryption
• WebNFS

4. Conclusion

NFS version 3 (NFSv3) arrived almost exactly ten years after Sun Microsystems originally introduced NFS. This leaves some people wondering: What took so long? Will it be another ten years before NFS gets another fresh coat of paint?

In part, these questions reflect a conflation between NFS-the- protocol and NFS-the-implementation. While the NFS protocol itself remained unchanged until NFSv3, NFS implementations have changed substantially in the past ten years, and they will continue to change in the future even without another protocol revision.

The menu below outlines the evolution of NFS and reflects the sequence of topics discussed in this document.

Many people are surprised that a protocol can change so much without a protocol revision. The NFS specification RFC 1094 defines the exact format of NFS packets transmitted over the network, but it leaves great flexibility in the hardware and software that actually send the packets. In addition, a protocol can have some flexibility designed in from the start.

For instance, NFS implementations have traditionally used UDP for remote procedure calls (RPC), but the RPC specification allows either UDP or TCP. Finally, services such as the automounter can be added to improve NFS without any change at all to the protocol or its implementation.

SRP Open-Source Password Security

The Secure Remote Password protocol is the core technology behind the Stanford SRP Authentication Project. The Project is an Open Source initiative that integrates secure password authentication into new and existing networked applications.

The Project's primary purpose is to improve password security by making strong password authentication technology a standard part of deployed real-world systems. This is accomplished by making this technology an easy-to-use, hassle-free alternative to weak and vulnerable legacy password authentication schemes. SRP makes these objectives possible because it offers a unique combination of password security, user convenience, and freedom from restrictive licenses.

This site serves as the semi-official home of the SRP distribution, which contains secure versions of Telnet and FTP. In addition, it contains links to a number of SRP-related projects, products (both commercial and non-commercial), and research on the Web.

[Jun 2, 2002] CITI Projects NFS Version 4 Open Source Reference Implementation

This work was done as part of the NFS Version 4 Open Source Reference Implementation project. This release includes preliminary support for acl's and for kerberos authentication, and is in the form of a patch against the linux 2.4.18 kernel, with cryptoapi and acl patches already applied.

IBM Redbooks Securing NFS in AIX An Introduction to NFS v4 in AIX 5L Version 5.3

NFS Version 4 (NFS V4) is the latest defined client-to-server protocol for NFS. A significant upgrade from NFS V3, it was defined under the IETF framework by many contributors. NFS V4 introduces major changes to the way NFS has been implemented and used before now, including stronger security, wide area network sharing, and broader platform adaptability.

This IBM Redbook is intended to provide a broad understanding of NFS V4 and specific AIX NFS V4 implementation details. It discusses considerations for deployment of NFS V4, with a focus on exploiting the stronger security features of the new protocol.

In the initial implementation of NFS V4 in AIX 5.3, the most important functional differences are related to security. Chapter 3 and parts of the planning and implementation chapters in Part 2 cover this topic in detail.

SUMMARY NFS Security in Solaris 8

Bhavesh Shah bshah at citadon.com
Thu Apr 8 18:12:54 EDT 2004

• Previous message: SUMMARY : Sol9 - VxVM 3.5 : Log plex problem after disk replacement
• Next message: SUMMARY: NIS map transfer problems
• Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ]

---

Thanks to all who replied:

Darren Dunham

Anatoliy Lisovskiy

Driddick

Mark Cain

Special Thanks to Darren Dunham which pointed me to the right direction
towards solving the problem quickly.

Solution was:

Reverse lookup was not setup correctly in DNS. Once that done everything
started working with FQDN.


My Original Question was


Hi Gurus,

I have a NFS Security question:

I am running Solaris 8.

Following is my /etc/dfs/dfstab entry:

/usr/sbin/share -F nfs -o rw=host1:host2,anon=0,ro /dir



even then host1 or host2 can not have write access to /dir

if I try to touch a file to host1 or host2 it gives an obvious  error
:"touch: test cannot create"

but if I replace host1 and host2 with ip addresses everything works
fine.

I can ping to host1 and host2 from NFS Server box. Was wondering how
that can happen?

I changed nsswitch.conf to search for dns first and then files but no
success.

I guess there is some configuration problem on NFS Server.

Any Help will be greatly appreciated.

Thanks in advance

B

NFS Maestro support for Solaris NFS security modes

NFS Maestro support for Solaris NFS security modes

PROBLEM

Solaris 8 "man" page for nfssec.

It discusses the different security modes in Solaris available for NFS.

If you would like to use DES (dh) security mode, which involves public/private key authentication, and would like to know how to configure this with NFS Maestro.

SOLUTION

AUTH_DH protocol - also known as Secure RPC - provides a secure means of communication between two parties across an insecure network.

In general, the communication is between a client (a user logged into one host) and a server.

AUTH_DES uses Data Encryption Standard (DES) credentials for authentication.

To use NIS+ with NFS Maestro AUTH_DH/AUTH_DES

1. Configure NIS+ in Hummingbird Directory Services
   • In the Directory Service dialog box, select NIS+
   • Click on Change and enter :
     NIS+ Domain:
     Secure RPC password:
     NOTE: User Name dialog box appears only if you are using the user profile.
     Then click OK.
     
   • In the General tab, you will see ( greyed out): NIS+ Profile Name:
     Domain Name:
     Root Master:
     Netname: [email protected]
     NIS+ Server Query Order: nis+master and nis+replicas ( these can be moved up or down)
     Then click OK.
     
   • When you launch NFS Network Access the first time, you will get the NIS+ Keylogin window with:
     Username: Administrator
     Passwd:
     Please change Administrator username to your pc name, then enter the passwd ( Secure RPC password for the machine).
     If the information is correct, you can then use NFS Network Access to mount to your filesystem.
     
2. Next, export your unix resources.
   If you look in the NOTES sections of the man page for share_nfs, you can export your unix resources using sec=dh option to indicate AUTH_DH.

   For example: share -F nfs -o sec=dh /export/home/users/ken

   NOTE: Make sure there is no conflicting information in the exports file, for example:
   share -F nfs /export/home/users
   share -F nfs -o sec=dh /export/home/users/ken

3. Not all NFS servers support the authentication protocols in NFS Maestro Client.
   Many of the free UNIX operating systems do not support AUTH_DES or RPCSEC_GSS.
   For information about Sun Enterprise Authentication Mechanism, see:

   http://wwws.sun.com/software/solaris/8/ds/ds-seam

   Please ensure your NFS server supports the desired security protocol before attempting to connect from NFS Maestro.
   

4. The AUTH_DES authentication protocol is very dependent on client and server time synchronization.
   The transaction time "window" between client and server is 60 seconds. This means that all NFS transactions must occur within in this time differential, otherwise they are silently discarded.
   If the clock on the NFS server is running fast, and the clock on the client is running slow by 60 seconds, the NFS connection fails.

For information about Network Time Protocol - Version 3, see:

http://www.ccd.bnl.gov/xntp/

It is recommended that the server use a Network Time Protocol server (bundled with, or available for, most UNIX operating systems) to synchronize all hosts on the local network.

You can use the Hummingbird bundled Network Time applet to synchronize PC time to the server time.
To launch the applet:

1. Click on START
2. Highlight Programs
3. Highlight Hummingbird Connectivity 8.00
4. Highlight Accessories
5. Select Network Time from the listing.
6. Then click on the HOST button to configure the applet and enter the server name.

ACTION:

For the definition, please refer to:
http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;Q115873

For the workaround, please refer to:
http://www.jsifaq.com/SUBA/tip0000/rh0036.htm

The making of NFSv4

NFSv4

If you use NFS (Network filesystem) to share filesystems between multiple computers, you are probably using NFS Version 2 or 3. However, you should know that NFSv4 is under active development and is available for trial use under a variety of operating systems.

NFSv4 offers numerous advantages over NFSv2 and NFSv3, including dealing with a variety of security issues mentioned in RFC2623 ("NFS Version 2 and Version 3 Security Issues and the NFS Protocol's Use of RPCSEC_GSS and Kerberos V5," http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2623.txt ).

Those of you currently running NFS v2 or NFS v3 may also be interested in the other NFS security references mentioned below.

References

1. NFS Version 4: http://nfsv4.org/
   
2. Network Appliance-The NFS Version 4 Protocol (nice introduction): http://www.netapp.com/tech_library/3085.html
   
3. CITI Projects: NFS Version 4 Open Source Reference Implementation: http://www.citi.umich.edu/projects/nfsv4/
   
4. Learning NFSv4 With Fedora Core 2: http://www.vanemery.com/Linux/NFSv4/NFSv4-no-rpcsec.html
   
5. CERT Advisory CA-1994-15 NFS Vulnerabilities: http://www.cert.org/advisories/CA-1994-15.html
   
6. NFS Security: http://www.linuxsecurity.com/feature_stories/feature_story-118.html
   
7. Security and NFS: http://nfs.sourceforge.net/nfs-howto/security.html
   
8. Secure NFS and NIS via SSH Tunnel: http://www.math.ualberta.ca/imaging/snfs/

Managing NFS[tm] Workloads (April 1999) by Richard McDougall, Adrian Cockcroft and Evert Hoogendoorn

Demonstration of the usage and management of NFS.

Recommended Links

Softpanorama Recommended

Top articles

Sites

Network filesystem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Yahoo! NFS page

NFS - PC Webopaedia Definition and Links

IBM/System Management Guide Communications and Networks - NFS Reference

***** IBM Redbooks Securing NFS in AIX An Introduction to NFS v4 in AIX 5L Version 5.3

NFS Version 4 (NFS V4) is the latest defined client-to-server protocol for NFS. A significant upgrade from NFS V3, it was defined under the IETF framework by many contributors. NFS V4 introduces major changes to the way NFS has been implemented and used before now, including stronger security, wide area network sharing, and broader platform adaptability.

This IBM Redbook is intended to provide a broad understanding of NFS V4 and specific AIX NFS V4 implementation details. It discusses considerations for deployment of NFS V4, with a focus on exploiting the stronger security features of the new protocol.

In the initial implementation of NFS V4 in AIX 5.3, the most important functional differences are related to security. Chapter 3 and parts of the planning and implementation chapters in Part 2 cover this topic in detail.

The NFS Version 4 Protocol - Pawlowski, Shepler, Beame, Callaghan, Eisler, Noveck, Robinson, Thurlow (ResearchIndex)

Abstract: The Network filesystem (NFS) Version 4 is a new distributed filesystem similar to previous versions of NFS in its straightforward design, simplified error recovery, and independence of transport protocols and operating systems for file access in a heterogeneous network. Unlike earlier versions of NFS, the new protocol integrates file locking, strong security, operation coalescing, and delegation capabilities to enhance client performance for narrow data sharing applications on high-bandwidth...

[PDF]

Network Appliance - NFS Version 3 Design and Implementation Network appliance is definitely an expert in the topic...

by Brian Pawlowski, Chet Juszczak, Peter Staubach, Carl Smith, Diane Lebel, and David Hitz
Presented June 9, 1994: USENIX Summer 1994 - Boston, MA updated (10/2000) by Michael Marchi, Network Appliance, Inc.

This paper describes a new version of the Network filesystem (NFS) that supports access to files larger than 4 GB and increases sequential write throughput seven-fold when compared to unaccelerated NFS Version 2. NFS Version 3 maintains the stateless server design and simple crash recovery of NFS Version 2, and the philosophy of building a distributed file service from cooperating protocols. The authors describe the protocol and its implementation, and provide initial performance measurements. They then describe the implementation effort. Finally, they contrast this work with other distributed filesystems and discuss future revisions of NFS.

Download Full Version:

• the Adobe Acrobat file (63Kb)

Sun documentation

• docs.sun.com NFS Administration Guide (Version 3 only)
• docs.sun.com System Administration Guide, Volume 3 Chapter 29 Solaris NFS Environment

• docs.sun.com NFS Server Performance and Tuning Guide for Sun Hardware

Tutorials

docs.sun.com NFS Administration Guide

docs.sun.com NFS Server Performance and Tuning Guide for Sun Hardware

[AIX] System Management Guide Communications and Networks - Network filesystem Overview

[AIX] Security Guide - Network filesystem (NFS) Security

Chapter 11 NFS IBM Redbooks IBM eServer Certification Study Guide - pSeries AIX System Administration

ONLamp.com: Configuring and Using NFS By Dru Lavigne Dru takes us through the basics of sharing files between UNIX computers. [July 26, 2000]

[02/14/2002] ONLamp.com Understanding NFS by Michael Lucas

NFS HOWTO

NFS System Administration Using NFS.

NFS -- course notes

20.2 NFS Protocol

NFS Administration -- from USAIL textbook Integrating Your Machine With the Network See also NFS Overview

• NFS Daemons

• Exporting filesystems

• Mounting Remote filesystems

• The Automounter

Network filesystem Overview -- IBM R6000

LAN Team Tutorial (POC) Notes

• NFS and AMD

Reference

See also RFCs and FAQs.

NFS - PC Webopaedia Definition and Links

[AIX] System Management Guide Communications and Networks - NFS Reference

IBM Network filesystem (NFS) - Environmental Checklist Frequently asked questions

The following utilities are available on client machines help diagnosing simple network connection:

• rpinfo -p <hostname> to determine if portmapper (port 111), NFS (port 2049) are initialized with the appropriate port.
• ping to confirm that there is a live TCP/IP connection between client/sever machines.
• traceroute <hostname> to determine how packets are being routed from client to server.
• iptrace (AIX) or snoop (Solaris) are useful packet tracing utilities used to debug inbound and outbound packets between client and server. For example, during a MOUNT request, using iptrace or snoop will show whether the client transmitted the MOUNT request, the server has received the request, or the server is still processing the request.

RFCs

This filesystem is documented by a number of RFC's: NFS v2, NFS v3, NFS v4, and Web NFS.

• NFS specification - version 2 - RFC1094.
  
• NFS specification - version 3 - RFC1813.
  
• NFS specification - version 4 - RFC2624.
• RFC 3530 (rfc3530) - Network filesystem (NFS) version 4 Protocol
• Web/NFS client specification - RFC2054.
• Web/NFS server specification - RFC2055
  
• RFC2623- NFS Version 2 and Version 3 Security Issues and the NFS.. ...

NFS Security

• IBM Redbooks Securing NFS in AIX An Introduction to NFS v4 in AIX 5L Version 5.3
• Managing NFS and NIS, 2nd Edition Chapter 15: Debugging Network Problems
• NFS (in)security administration and information clearinghouse
• Security Guide - Network filesystem (NFS) Security
• [Doc] NFS Security
• NFS [Ch 20 of PUIS]
• Satan
  • Tutorial - Unprivileged NFS access
  • Tutorial - Portmapper exports
• Tutorial - Unrestricted NFS export
• NetManage Tutorials
• Firewalls Mailing List Re NFS proxies

Tips

Accessing NFS NFS is a commonly used tool in Unix networks that allows the sharing of files through RPC. Find out how to configure your Mac OS X client to access an NFS share

Bibliography

Network Management Training Page

NFS (Network filesystem) is a widely used and primitive protocol that allows computers to share files over a network. Older versions of NFS relied on the inherently insecure UDP protocol, transactions are not encrypted and hosts and users cannot be easily authenticated. Below we will show a number of issues that one can follow to heal those security problems. Let us clarify how the NFS service operates. An NFS server is the server with a filesystem (or a directory) which is called NFS filesystem (or NFS directory) that will be exported to an NFS client. The NFS client will then have to import (or mount) the exported filesystem (directory) to itself before being able to have access to the filesystem (directory). We will annotate each issue below with on server, on client, on client & server and misc. Those mean that issue is done on NFS server, NFS client, both NFS client and server, and miscellaneous, respectively.

This can be done by adding parameter 'secure' in an item in /etc/exports, such as: /home nfs-client(secure)
where the directory /home is the filesystem to be exported to the NFS client located at address nfs-client (specify the IP address or domain name of your NFS client).

Export an NFS filesystem in an appropriate permission mode (on server)

Let's say that you only need read-only permission on your exported NFS filesystem. Then the filesystem should be exported as read-only to prevent unintended or even intended modifications on those files. This is done by specifying parameter 'ro' in /etc/exports. /home nfs-client(ro)

Restrict exporting an NFS filesystem to a certain set of NFS clients (on server)

Specify only a specific set of NFS clients that will be allowed to mount an NFS filesystem. If possible, use numeric IP addresses or fully qualified domain names, instead of aliases.

Use the 'root_squash' option in /etc/exports on the NFS server if possible (on server)

When this option is used, then while mounting using the command mount, the user ID ?root? on the NFS client will be replaced by the user ID ?nobody? on the NFS server. This is to prevent the root on the NFS client from taking a superuser privilege on the NFS server, thus perhaps illegally allowing him to modify files on the NFS server. Here is an example: /home nfs-client(root_squash)

Disable suid (superuser ID) on an NFS filesystem (on client)

Add the 'nosuid' option (no superuser ID privilege) to an item in /etc/fstab (This file is used to determine which NFS filesystems are to be mounted automatically at the startup time). This is to prevent files with suid bits set on the NFS server, e.g., Trojan horse files, from being executed on the NFS client, which could then lead to root compromise on the client. Or the root on the NFS client may accidentally execute those suid files. Here is an example of ?nosuid?. An item in /etc/fstab on the client may contain: nfs-server:/home /mnt/nfs nfs ro,nosuid 0 0

where nfs-server is the IP address or domain name of the NFS server and /home is the directory on the NFS server to be mounted to the client computer at the directory /mnt/nfs. Alternatively, the 'noexec' option can be used to disable any file execution at all. nfs-server:/home /mnt/nfs nfs ro,nosuid,noexec 0 0

Install the most recent patches for NFS and portmapper (on client & server)

NFS is known to be in the top-ten most common vulnerabilities reported by CERT and was abusively exploited. This means that the NFS server and portmapper on your system must be up-to-date to security patches.

Perform encryption over NFS traffic using SSH (on client & server)

Apart from the use of Secure Shell (SSH) for secure remote access, we can use it for tunnelling between an NFS client and server so that NFS traffic will be encrypted. The steps below will guide you how to encrypt NFS traffic using SSH.

Here is the simple diagram to show the concept of how NFS and SSH services cooperate. nfs-client nfs-server
mount --- SSH SSHD --- NFS

From this figure, when you mount an NFS directory from a client computer, you will mount through SSH. After the mounting is done, the NFS traffic in both directions will be encrypted and so secure.

In the figure the NFS server is located at address nfs-server (use either the IP address or domain name of your NFS server instead), and the NFS client is at address nfs-client. Make sure that in both systems you have SSH and NFS related services already installed so you can use them.

There are two way configurations on the NFS client and server which are described in the two sections below.

NFS server configuration
Section 1.1 and 1.2 are what we have to do on the NFS server. Export an NFS directory to itself
For example, if the NFS server's IP address is 10.226.43.154 and the NFS directory to be exported is /home, then add the following line to /etc/exports /home 10.226.43.154(rw,root_squash)

The reason for exporting directory /home to itself, instead of to an NFS client? IP address in an ordinary fashion, is that according to the figure above, we will feed the NFS data on the server to SSHD which is running at 10.226.43.154, instead of to the client computer in the usual case. The NFS data will then be forwarded securely to the client computer through the tunnel.

Note that the exported directory is allowed for read and write permission (rw). root_squash means the person who starts the mounting process to this directory will not obtain the root privilege on this NFS server.

Restart NFS and SSH daemons

Using Redhat 7.2, you can manually start NFS and SSHD by issuing the following commands: #/sbin/service nfs restart
#/sbin/service sshd restart

If you want to have them started automatically at startup time, with Redhat 7.2 add the two lines below to the startup file /etc/rc.d/rc.local. /sbin/service nfs start
/sbin/service sshd start

The term nfs in the commands above is a shell script that will start off two services, namely, NFS and MOUNTD.

NFS client configuration
Three sections below show what we have to do on the NFS client. Find the ports of NFS and MOUNTD on the NFS server Let's say you are now on the NFS client computer. To find the NFS and MOUNTD ports on the NFS server, use the command. #rpcinfo -p nfs-server

program vers proto port
100000 2 tcp 111 portmapper
100000 2 udp 111 portmapper
100003 2 tcp 2049 nfs
100003 2 udp 2049 nfs
100021 1 udp 1136 nlockmgr
100021 3 udp 1136 nlockmgr
100021 4 udp 1136 nlockmgr
100011 1 udp 789 rquotad
100011 2 udp 789 rquotad
100011 1 tcp 792 rquotad
100011 2 tcp 792 rquotad
100005 2 udp 2219 mountd
100005 2 tcp 2219 mountd

Note the lines with terms nfs and mountd. Under the column port, those are the ports for nfs and mountd. nfs has a port 2049 and mountd has a port 2219.

Setup the tunnel using SSH
On the NFS client computer, bind a SSH port with NFS port 2049. #ssh -f -c blowfish -L 7777:nfs-server:2049 -l tony nfs-server /bin/sleep 86400
#tony@nfs-server's password:
#

where:
-c blowfish means SSH will use the algorithm blowfish to perform encryption.

-L 7777:nfs-server:2049 means binding the SSH client at port 7777 (or any other port that you want) to communicate with the NFS server at address nfs-server on port 2049.

-l tony nfs-server means in the process of login on the authentication server at address nfs-server (specify either the IP address or domain name of the authentication server), use the user login name tony to authenticate on the server.

/bin/sleep 86400 means to prevent spawning a shell on the client computer for 1 day (86,400 seconds). You can specify any larger number.

The line with #tony@nfs-server's password: will prompt the user tony for a password to continue authentication for the user.

Also on the NFS client computer, bind another SSH port with MOUNTD port 2219. #ssh -f -c blowfish -L 8888:nfs-server:2219 -l tony nfs-server /bin/sleep 86400
#tony@nfs-server's password:
#

where:
-L 8888:nfs-server:2219 means binding this SSH client at port 8888 (or any other port that you want but not 7777 because you already used 7777) to communicate with the NFS server at address nfs-server on port 2219.
c) On the NFS client computer, mount NFS directory /home through the two SSH ports 7777 and 8888 at a local directory, say, /mnt/nfs. #mount -t nfs -o tcp,port=7777 ,mountport=8888 localhost:/home /mnt/nfs

Normally the format of the command mount is to mount, at the IP address (or domain name) of the remote host, the remote NFS directory (/home) to the local directory (/mnt/nfs). However, the reason we mount at localhost instead of the nfs-server, is because the data after decryption at the left end of the tunnel (see the figure above also) is on the localhost, not the remote host.

Alternatively, if you want to mount the NFS directory automatically at startup time, add the following line to /etc/fstab localhost:/home /mnt/nfs/ nfs tcp,rsize=8192,wsize=8192,intr,rw,bg,nosuid,port=7777,mountport=8888,noauto

Allow only traffic from authorised NFS clients to the NFS server (on server)

Supposing that an NFS server only provides the NFS service but nothing else so there are three ports available to use on the server, i.e., RPC Portmapper (on port 111), NFS (on port 2049), and Mountd (on port 2219). Here we can do some filtering on traffic that goes to the NFS server. Through the iptables firewall running locally on the NFS server (you must install iptables to use the following commands), allow only traffic from any authorised NFS client to the server. Allow traffic from an authorised subnet 10.226.43.0/24 to the ports Portmapper, NFS, and Mountd.
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 10.226.43.0/24 -dport 111 -j ACCEPT
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 10.226.43.0/24 -dport 2049 -j ACCEPT
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 10.226.43.0/24 -dport 2219 -j ACCEPT

Deny something else.
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 0/0 -dport 111 -j DROP
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 0/0 -dport 2049 -j DROP
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 0/0 -dport 2219 -j DROP
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -s 0/0 -j DROP

Basically the NFS service operates through Portmapper service so if we block Portmapper port 111, we also then block NFS port 2049.

Alternatively, you can use the TCP wrapper to filter access to your portmapper by adding the line: portmapper: 10.226.43.0/24
to /etc/hosts.allow to allow access to portmapper only from subnet 10.226.43.0/24.

Also add the line below to /etc/hosts.deny to deny access to all other hosts not specified above. portmapper:ALL

Filter out Internet traffic to the NFS service on the routers and firewalls (misc)

In some cases for many organisations with their computers visible on the Internet, if the NFS service is also visible, then we may need to block Internet traffic to ports 111 (Portmapper), 2049 (NFS), and 2219 (Mountd) on your routers or firewalls to prevent unauthorised access to the two ports. With the iptables set up as your firewall, use the following rules: #iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 ?d nfs-server -dport 111 -j DROP
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 ?d nfs-server -dport 2049 -j DROP
#iptables -A INPUT -i eth0 -d nfs-server -dport 2219 -j DROP

Use the software tool NFSwatch to monitor NFS traffic (misc)

NFSwatch allows you to monitor NFS packets (traffic) flowing between the NFS client and server. It can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.cerias.purdue.edu/pub/tools/unix/netutils/nfswatch/. One good reason that we need to monitor is that in case there is some malicious activity going on or already taking place, we would then use the log created by NFSwatch to trace back to how and where it came from. To monitor NFS packets between nfs-server and nfs-client, use the command: #nfswatch -dst nfs-server -src nfs-client

all hosts Wed Aug 28 10:12:40 2002 Elapsed time: 00:03:10
Interval packets: 1098 (network) 818 (to host) 0 (dropped)
Total packets: 23069 (network) 14936 (to host) 0 (dropped)
Monitoring packets from interface lo
int pct total int pct total
ND Read 0 0% 0 TCP Packets 461 56% 13678
ND Write 0 0% 0 UDP Packets 353 43% 1051
NFS Read 160 20% 271 ICMP Packets 0 0% 0
NFS Write 1 0% 1 Routing Control 0 0% 36
NFS Mount 0 0% 7 Address Resolution 2 0% 76
YP/NIS/NIS+ 0 0% 0 Reverse Addr Resol 0 0% 0
RPC Authorization 166 20% 323 Ethernet/FDDI Bdcst 4 0% 179
Other RPC Packets 5 1% 56 Other Packets 2 0% 131
1 filesystem
File Sys int pct total
tmp(32,17) 0 0% 15

Specify the IP address (or domain name) of the source (-src) and that of the destination (-dst).

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