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Internet protocol (IP) is implemented in most OSes like Solaris or windows in kernel. It is documented in RFC 791. The Internet layer attempts to ensure that messages reach their destination system using the most efficient route. The Internet layer includes the Internet Protocol (IP) and Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP).
Using a routing table, the Internet layer determines the next directly accessible node in route to the packet’s destination. This node is either the destination itself or the most immediate gateway to the destination. In essence, the Internet layer is responsible for end to end (source to destination) packet delivery, whereas the data link layer is responsible for node to node (hop to hop) packet delivery.
The IP protocol is responsible for fragmenting and routing data, while ICMP assists routing, and performs error detection and other network management tasks.
IP encapsulates data into IP datagrams, which in turn are encapsulated inside Network Interface layer frames.
IP datagrams are the basic units of information that are passed across a Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) network. The datagram header contains information, such as the source IP address and the destination IP address. The header also contains information about which protocol will receive data from IP. These protocols are the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), and ICMP.
The IP implements two basic functions addressing (routing) of packets and fragmentation of packets:
For the IP layer each internet datagram as an independent entity unrelated to any other internet datagram. There are no concepts of connections or logical circuits (virtual or otherwise) on this layer. It uses The uses four fields in the IP header to perform its functions: Type of Service, Time to Live, Options, and Header Checksum. A time-to-live (TTL) field determines how many routers or hosts can process a datagram before the datagram must be discarded.
Application data must fit in the data portion of Ethernet frame (or other Network interface layer protocol) as defined by MTU. If packet is larger it should be fragmented at the router. On Solaris MTU of network interface can be seen by using command ifconfig -a as a root.
ICMP is a companion protocol to IP. It enables systems to send control or error messages to other systems. Essentially ICMP is a communication protocol between IP protocol implementations on two connected systems.
Message types that are send include:
Additional details of ICMP protocol are provided on a separate page.
| Version | IHL | TOS | Total Length | ||
| Identification | Flags | Fragment Offset | |||
| TTL | Protocol | Header Checksum | |||
| Source IP Address | |||||
| Destination IP Address | |||||
| Options | Padding | ||||
Payload (TCP/UDP/ICMP etc.) |
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Refer to
RFC 791
for detailed information about the header fields.
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits in length. Each 8-bit field, or octet, is
represented by a decimal number between 0 and 255 (for example, 129.150.182.31).
Each IPv4 address identifies a network and a unique interface on that
network. The value of the high-order bits (first three bits) determine which
portion of the IPv4 address is the network number and which portion is the
host number. The network numbers are divided into three classes: Class A,
Class B, and Class C. This addressing scheme is called classful IPv4 addressing.
A system uses unicast addresses when it needs to communicate with another system. There are three classes of unicast addresses: Class A, Class B, and Class C.
A broadcast address is the address that reaches all systems on the network. A broadcast means that data is simultaneously sent to all of the hosts on the local area network (LAN). The default broadcast address is an address that has a host number of all ones when represented in binary. An example of a broadcast address is 128.50.255.255. You use the ifconfig utility to configure an interface’s broadcast address.
This is similar to MAC broadcasts, in which a special address with all 1s is used for broadcast purposes (FF:FF:FF:FF:FF). In a similar manner, if all bits in the host part of the IP address are 1, it is considered a broadcast address. If you use the rightmost octet for host addressing and the remaining three octets for the network part, for example, all 1s in the rightmost octet will make this address a broadcast address. In network 192.168.2.0, the broadcast address is 192.168.2.255. If you use the two rightmost octets for the host part of the IP address, the netmask will be 255.255.0.0. If a host has an IP address 172.16.20.100 with a netmask 255.255.0.0, the network address will be 172.16.0.0 and the broadcast address will be 172.16.255.255.
Address 255.255.255.255 is a special type of broadcast, and any packet sent to this address is received by all hosts on a network. However, routers usually don't forward broadcast IP packets to avoid flooding the Internet (commonly known as a denial of service, DoS, attack).
Multicasting is a very efficient way to send large amounts of data to many systems at the same time. A multicast address identifies interfaces that belong to a specific multicast group. Packets that are sent to a multicast address are received by all interfaces that are associated with the multicast address.
If the first four bits are 1110, which makes the first field an integer value between 224 and 239, the address is a multicast address. The remaining 28 bits comprise a group identification number for a specific multicast group. An IPv4 multicast address is a destination address for one or more hosts, while a Class A, B, or C address is an address for an individual host. The IPv4 multicast address maps to an Ethernet multicast address so that the network interface listens for a multicast traffic. The low-order 23 bits of the IPv4 multicast address are placed into the low-order 23 bits of the Ethernet multicast address. Therefore, an IPv4 multicast address of
224.0.0.1 maps to 01:00:5e:00:00:01.
When the Internet layer of any host receives an IP packet, it compares the destination IP address with its own IP address. If the destination address is not the host's own IP address or a broadcast address, the IP layer discards it.
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